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MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL

COLLEGE

Ju\v\ Bee H05

Decenibek 26, 1908.]

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

% ffiecklfl lllustnitetr lournal

HOllTICULTURE AND ALLIED SUBJECTS.

(ESTABLISHED IN 1841.)

VOL. XLIV. -THIRD SERIES.

JULY TO DECEMBER, 1908.

LONDON :

41, WELLINGTON STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C.

19U8.

The Gardeners' Chronicle,]

Ju

I'loS

[December 26, 1908.

INDEX OF CONTENTS

JULY TO DECEMBER, 1908.

(For Special Headings see under Books; Certificates; Law Notes; Nursery Notes; Oeitdary ; Plant Portraits, Plants, New; Scientific Committee; Societies; and Illustrations.)

Aberdeen, botany lectures at, 51 ; forestry at, 330

Acacia, the pyramidal, 409

Acantholimon venustum at Cam- bridge Botanic Garden, 259

Achimenes coccinea, 82

Aconitum Wilsonn, 299

Agricultural College, South-East- ern, 280, 329

Agriculture, state aid to, in America, 111

Aldenhsm House gardens, vege- table culture at, 289

Alga;, Burm.ese species of fresh- water, 313

Allamanda grandifiora, 173

Alpine gardeners, congress of, 12 ; house at Kew Gardens, 46

Amateur, what is an? 452

America, cemetery superintendents in, 186; state aid to agriculture in, 111

American blight on Apple trees, 335 ; florists, a convention of, 111

American Gooseberry-mildew, 15, 208, 378 ; attacking Red and Black Currant bushes, 203 ; in Essex, 147, 171, 378 , in Kent, 71 ; notes, 106, 169, 324, 408

Anchusa italica, 224

Anglesey Industry Association, 130

Annuals, some neglected, 245

Anthracite coal for greenhouses, 335

Anthuriums as garden plants, 180

Apiary, the, 9, 49, 68, 109, 127, 215, 230, 295

Apple crop, the, 186; weevil, to de- stroy, 156

Apples : Cox's Orange Pippin, origin of, 454 ; Beauty of Hants, 345, 307, 388; Ben's Red, 219; Feltham Beauty, 178 ; Jolly Beg- gar, 388 ; Red Victoria, 298 ; Re- nown, 293 ; Ribston Pippin, his- tory of, 454

Arachnanthe moschifera flowering in Messrs. Sanders' nursery, 179

Aralia (see also Fatsia), 144 ; A. Veitchii, grafting, 24, 104

Arctostaphylos manzanita, 163

Asclepias tuberosa in America, 169

AsperuLa hirta Ramond's variety, 63

Aster " Climax," 308

Attar of Roses, 449

Auricula, historv and culture of the, 277

Austria, dendrological society in, 12

Autumn effect of trees and shrubs, 209; flowers, 137

Avenue tree, the Larch as an, 32

Avocado-Pear, the, 443

B

Baldeesbv Park, Thirsk, 113

Banana-culture in North Queens- land, 395

Bananas, fibre from, 413

Bank holidays and flower shows, 313

Bank, plants for a moist, 156; for a dry, 335

Bankruptcy statistics, 168

Barbados, cotton cultivation in, 46

Bartholina pectinata, 42

Bateson, W. (The Methods and Scope of Genetics), 409

Battersea Park, Chrysanthemums

in, 358; flower gardening in, 72 Bawdsey Manor, Felixstowe, 406 Bayham Abbej-, Tunbridge Wells,

170 Bean, W. J. (The Royal Botanic

Gardens, Kew), 328 Beckett, Edwin (Vegetables for

Home and Exhibition), 3 Beech coccus, the, 257 Beekeeping, 9, 49, 68, 109, 127, 215,

230, 295 Begonia Clibran's Pink, 357; B.

Ciloire de Lorraine, female

flowers of, 204 Belgian railway stations and

flowers, 11 Belgrove, Co. Cork, 424 Benevolent Institution, Gardeners'

Royal, 10, 280, 363. 432 Benthamia fragifera in Hampshire,

346 ; fruiting in Sussex, 417 Bequests to gardeners. 167 Berlin botanical garden, 31 ; Inter- national Show, 1909, 104, 313 Bird-scaring devices, 81 Birds, trapping, 74 Black Currant attacked with

Gooseberry disease, 203 Black Currant x Gooseberrv hv-

brid, 120 Black, John, long service of, 345 Black-scab disease of Potato, 218,

378, 449 Bleekrodea sp., a new rubber-pro- ducing tree, 12 Board of Agriculture intelligence

division, 432

Books, Notices of; — Alpines and Bog Plants (Reginald Farrer), 409; A Practical Guide to School, Cottage, and Allot- ment Gardening (John Weathers), 293 ; Beautiful flowers and How to Grow Them (Horace J. Wright and Walter P. Wright), 167, 298, 330 ; Book of Curious Plants (Dr. M. C. Cocke), 422 ; Botanical Magazine, 31, 129, 185, 265, 329, 413 ; British Mosses (Rl. Ho,.. Sir Edward Fry), 379; Bulbs and Their Cultivation (T. W. San- ders), 233; Code des Couleurs, 218 ; Colour in the Flower Gar- den (Gertrude Jekyll), 24; Forest Utilisation (W . Fisher), 392; Fruit Trees and Their Enemies [Spencer Pickering and Fred. V. Theobald), 363; Gray's Manual of Botany (Revised by Benjamin Lin- coln Robinson and Merritt Lyndon Fernald), 412 ; Hollv, Yew and Box (W. Dallimore),' ibO ; Icones Plantaium (Sir J. D. Hooker',. 363; Illustrated Poultry Record (E. P. Brown), 266; In My Lady's Garden (Mrs. Richmond), 426 ; Inseciivorous Plants (Charles Darwin), 449; Journal of the Roval Horticultural Society, 218 ; Journal of the R.H.S. Gardens Club, 363; Kew Gardens (A. R. Hope Moncrief), 213; La Cul- ture des Orchidees dans ses rap- ports avec la symbiose (Noel Bernard), 344 ; La Repertoire des Couleurs (H. Datilhenav), 187; La Revue Chrysanthemiste, 31 ; Le Chrysantheme, 395 ; Le Jar- din, 396; Little Gardens and How to Make the Most of them (H. H. Thomas), 293; Milk and Milch Animals (Sir Walter Gilbey, Bt.), 92 ; Mushrooms and How to Grow Them (William Falconer),

229 ; Nomenclature of the Pear (W. H. Ragan), 249 ; Old Norfolk Houses (Geoffrey Birkbeck, R.A.), 249 ; Publications received, 12, 31, 168, 187, 250, 266, 298, 313, 330, 363, 379, 396, 413, 433, 450 ; Roses (Gemin and Bourg), 426; Small Holdings and Allot- ments (George Arthur Johnston), 101 ; The Book of Fern Cul- ture (Alfred Hcmsley), 278 ; The Book of Nature Study (Prof. J. Bretland Farmer), 186,391 ; The Book of the Pansy, Viola, and Violet (Howard H. Crane), 178 ; The Country Home, 433 ; The Flora of Var (.Abel .Albert and Emile Jahandiez), 264 ; The Flo- rist's ISibliography (C. Harmon Payne), 313; The Flowers and Gardens of Japan (Florence du Cane), 325; The French Garden (6'. D. McKay), 50; The Illus- trated Strawberry Culturist (An- drew S. Fuller), 229 ; The Methods and Scope of Genetics (IF. Bate- son), 409 ; The Nature Book (Dr. Lockver), 24 ; The Perfect Garden (Walter P. Wright), 123; The Roval Botanic Gardens, Kew (IF. /. 'Bean), 328 ; The Summer Gar- den of Pleasure (Mrs. Stephen Batson), 266; Vegetables for Home and Exhibition (Ed. Bec- kett), 3; Window Dressing for Fruiterers, 168 ; The New Market Gardening (W . Wicherley), 50

Boronias, the, 24

Botanical collection, the late Sir Dietrich Brandis', 167

Botanic garden at British Hon- duras, 31 ; in the Swiss moun- Uins, 216

Botany lectures at Aberdeen, 51

Bottled fruits and vegetables, an exhibition of, 51, 147

Bound, W. P., retirement of, 186

Bourg St. Pierre. Jardin de Linnaea at, 216

Bowling green, how to make a, 176

Box, Dallimore on the, 450

Brachyglottis repanda, 52

Bradshaw collection of Orchids, sale of the, 329

Brandis, the late Sir Dietrich, botanical collection of, 167

Brassia insularis, 81

Brasso-Lselia Rosslyn in Mr. Pitt's collection, 291

Brazil Nut. the, 444

Bread fruit, the, 445

Brine as a preservative for fruits, 112

British bulb growers in Holland, 282

British Columbia, exhibition of fruit from, 433 ; fruit growing in 250

British Honduras, proposed botanic garden at, 31

Brown, E. P. [Illustrated Poultry Record), 266

Brown, Mr. R., appointment of, 92

Bulb growing, 245; at Portmadoc, 249 ; in Holland, 243, 282 ; in the Marshlands, 162

BulbophvUum lemniscatoides at Gatton Park, 323

Bulbophyllum virescens, 388

Bulbs, the forcing of, 402 ; forth- coming exhibition of, 146

Burnham Beeches, decay of the old trees at, 114

Burvenich, Mons. Fred., testimonial presented to, 131

Butterflies, flowers visited by, 304

Calatheas as garden plants, 63 Calderbank, Arthur, appointment

of, 130 Campanula carpatica var. pelvi-

formis, 64 Campanula Raddeana, 139 Camphor trade, the future of the.

280 Canada, fruit crop in, 46 Cane, Florence du (The Flowers and

Gardens of Japan), 325 Carbolic acid as a curative for Sea- kale disease, 189 Carnation and Picotee, the, 212 ;

seeding of the, 201 (Tarnatioii exhibition in December,

379 Carnation Winter Cheer as a bed- ding plant, 330 Carnations in America, three good

bedding, 111 Carpenteria californica at Oakley,

Hants., 112 Carrots, cultural note on, 103 Cashew Nut, the, 444 Catalpa bignonioides at Westonbirt,

Gloucestershire, 11, 313 Catasetum Claesianum, 211 Catasetums at Kew, 211 Caterpillar of the winter moth, 32 Cattlevas as cut flowers, 106 Cattle'ya Venus, 258; C. Warsce-

wiczii at Glebelands, 4 Cavanagh, B. Francis, 330 Cedrus Deodara and a rockery, 172 Celery, two desirable varieties of,

103 Cemetery superintendents ii»

America, 186

Certificated Fruits and Vege- tables : — Apples: Encore 453; Feltham Beautv, 150 ; Red Vic- toria, 221 ; William Crump, 453 ; Beets : Blood Red, 255 ; Willow- leaved, 255 ; Pineapple, 255 ; Sut- ton's Crimson Globe, 117 ; Black- berry X Loganberry Low Junior, 37; Cabbages: All Heart, 205; Autumn Exhibition, 205 ; Best of All, 205; Daik Red Erfurt, 205; ICarliest of All, 205 ; Express, 205 ; First Crop, 205 ; Improved Nonpareil, 205 ; Incomoarable, 205 ; Les Etampes, 205 ', Little Gem, 205; Market Garden, 205; Miniature Red, 205 ; Myatt's Early Evesham, 205; Paris Mar- ket, '205 ; Small Nonpareil. 205 ; Sutton's Earliest, 205 ; Wheeler's Imperial, 205 ; French Bean Seedling Dwarf, 117; Grape Prince of Wales, 255 ; Oranges : Rennick Navel, 255 : Washington Navel, 255 ; Parsley Massey's Dwarf Curled, 117; Pear Danas Hovey, 381 ; Potatos ; British Champion, 255, 269 ; Courteen .Seedling, 117 ; Devanha Seedling, 255, 269 ; Midlothian Early, 117 ; Tomato Lye's Early Prolific, 205

Certificated Plants: — Acan- thus montanus, 452 ; Acineta densa, 254 ; Angraecum augus- tum, 76 ; Asters : Climax, 284 ; Maidenhood, 285 : Astilbe

-\rendsii Ceres, 75 ; A. Arendsii Pink Pearl, 75; Begonias: Clibran's Pink, 347 ; Duchess of Cornwall, 35; Frilled Oueen, 35 ; Kewensis, 75 ; Brasso- Cattleya Cliftonii, 418; B.-C.

s' Chronicle,]

INDEX.

[December 26, 1908. 111.

Mme. Chas. Maroii, Sanders' variety, 191 ; B.-C. Mme. H30 superba, 316 ; B.-C. Queen Alexandra, 316 ; Bulbophyllum Careyauum, 381; B. cujjressuni, 348 ; B. lilacinum, 348 ; Calanthe Angela, 453 ; C. Cecilia, 191 ; C. Norman, 453 ; Carnations : Car- dinal, 75; Countess of j'embroke, 116 ; Hercules, 75 ; Maud Allan, 98 ; Rose Uore, 42U ; Splendour, 75 ; Winona, 253 ; Catasetum Clffisianum, 150 ; C. Imschootia- num, 191 ; C. labiatum, loO ; C. maculatum, 254 ; C. Russellianum, 191 ; Cattleya Maronii aurea, 221; C. Rhoda, 191; C. Clarkias intensa, 348 ; C. I'abia Cook- sonias, 348 ; C. Harrisoniana alba, Stanley's variety, 221 ; C. Rutilant, 254; C. Venus, 234; Chrysanthemums : Aurora Bore- ale, 401; Ball of Gold, 417; Caledonia, 381 ; Exquisite, 319 ; Fee Parisienne, 271 ; Felton's Favourite, 315 ; Hetty Wells, 347; Hilda Lawrence, 315, 319; H. W. Thorp, 315, 319 ; J. Locke, 319; J. W. Molyneux, 333; Kath- leen Lambrick, 271 ; Hon. Mrs. Lopes, 333, 347; Lady Crisp, 319 ; Lady Letchworth, 319 ; Mas- ter Dav'id, 315, 319; Master James, 271 ; Merstham Jewel, 381; Mrs. J. Kempley, 271; Mrs. R. H. B. Marsham, 315, 319 ; Mr. W. Buckingham, 333; Mrs. W. Iggulden, 333; Mrs. W. Par- ker, 333; Miss Cora Stoop, 333; October Gold, 271 ; Nellie Rid- ing, 271 ; Province, 271 ; Purity, 347; R. F. Felton, 333, 347; Reginald, 333; Kathleen May, 401 ; Robert Thorp, 333 ; Rose Pockett, 319; Shanklin, 271; Sir Frank Crisp, 315, 319; Sylvia Slade, 333, 347; W. J. Davis, 319; White Pagram, 333; Cirr- hopetalum Andersonii, 254 ; Cffi- logyne fuliginosa, 381 ; Coriaria japonica, 75 ; Cymbidium Daya- num, 285 ; C. lancifolium, 191 ; Cynorchis purpurascens, 2l)4 ; Cypripediums : Antinous, 453 ; Arethusa, 381 ; Armstrongii, 418 ; Bianca superbum, 254 ; Charlesworthii Bromilowianum, 285 ; Dante magnificum, 348 ; Dreadnought, 381 ; Elatior, 453 ; Lord Ossulston, Sanders' variety, 285 ; Rosettii, 150 ; Sanactasus Etoniense, 381 ; Troi- lus Lord Nelson, 418 ; Dahlias : Adela, 206, 220; Amelia, 223; Betty, 220 ; Brigadier, 220 ; De- butant, 206; Echo, 220; Elsie Turner, 253; El Vino, 253; Evening Star, 223 ; Fairy Queen, 'a3 ; Flora, 220 ; Glory of Wilts., 223; Rev. F. W. Jamieson, 206 ; Jasper, 206 ; Lady Bountiful, 254; Lufra, 223 ; Minima, 206 ; Monarch, 220, 254 ; Mrs. Alfred Dyer, 206 ; Mrs. W. Merry, 206 ; Nellie Riding, 220, 254; Norah Reynolds, 254; Satisfaction, 220, 254 ; Saxonia, 254 ; Snowdon, 220 ; Tasmania, 223 ; Teutonic, 220 ; Tom Jones, 190, 206; Una, 206; Wellington, 254; Winona, 223; Delphinium Progression, 35 ; D. Statuaire Rude, 35 ; Dendrobium elonga- tum, 453 ; Dendrobium Coelogyne, maximum, 316; D. C. striatum, 418; Draca2na Bruantii variegata, 285 ; Epidendrum costatum, 76 ; E. Lambeauianum, 150 ; E. punctiferum, 453 ; Eria longi- spicata, 150 ; Geodorum pur- pureum, 76; Gladiolus Mara- thon, 190 ; G. primulinus hy- brids, 190; G. White Cloud, 190 ; Habenaria geniculata, 254 ; Ilex Pernvi, 190 ; Kni- phofia "R. Wilson Ker." 190; Lselio - Cattleya Clive mag- nifica, 36 ; L.-C. Cornelia, Wes- tonbirt variety, 285; L.-C. Elva

var. St. Vincent, 191 ; L.-C. Gol- den Oriole, Goodson's variety, 254; L.-C. Lustre gigantea, 316; L.-C. Ortrude superba, 316 ; L.-C. St. Gothard, 285 ; Listrostachys Kindtiana, 150 ; L. Whytei, 116; Masdevallia Ortgiesiana, 316 ; Maxillaria phcenican- thera, 348 ; Megaclinium colu- brinum, 285 ; Nelumbium specio- sum var. Osiris, 75 ; Nepenthes Dr. John MacFarlane, 253 ; Ne- phrolepis rufescens amabile, 347 ; N. rufescens Mayi var. ornata, 347 ; Nerine Countess of Alta- mont, 285 ; Odontioda Charles- worthii, Goodson's variety, 254 ; Odontioda Thwaitesii, 76; Odon- toglossum : Eleanor, Westonbirt variety, 36 ; O. Groganiae, S81 ; O. illustre King of England, 36 ; O. Magali Sander, 453 ; O. Pescatorei Sanderse, 285 ; O. Wiganianum superbum, 150 ; O. Zenobia, 150 ; Oncidium bicallosum Sanders' variety, 453 ; O. incurvum, 254; O. micro- pogon, 381 ; Pennisetum japoni- cuni, 253 ; Phlox Freifraulein Von Lassberg, 190 ; P. Violet, 190 ; Pink, Princess Chris- tian, 149 ; Polystachya ilexuosa, 150; P. Laurentii, 348; Polysti- chum aculeatum gracillimum Drueryi, 381 ; Populus lasio- carpa, 220 ; Primula malacoides, 381 ; Pteris aquilina Nicholsonii, 190 ; Roses Alex. Hill Gray, 237 ; G. E. Waud, 35, 96 ; Dr. O'Donell Brown, 237; Florence Edith Coulthwaite, 35 ; His Majesty, 237; Lady Alice Stanley, 237; Lady Godiva, 70 ; Mita Weldon, 40 ; Molly Sharman Crawford, 35 ; Mrs. Alfred Tate, 285 ; Mrs. David Jardine, 35 ; Mrs. Edward J. Holland, 285; Mrs. J. Camp- bell Hall, 40; Mrs. Littleton Dewhurst, 205; Mrs. Wakefield Christie Miller, 285 ; Paula, 116 ; Simplicity, 96 ; White Dorothy Perkins, 96 ; Saccolabium dasy- pogon, 316 ; Sarcococca rusci- folia, 452; Selaginella emili- ana aurea, 253 ; Sinningia hybrida Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, 75; Sophro-Cattleya Doris, 348; S.-C. Warnhamiensis var. J. M. Black, 116; S.-C. X Saxa, Westonbirt variety, 254 ; Sophro-Laelio-Catt- leya Danae superba, 191 ; S.-L.-C. Marathon, 150; S.-L.-C. Medea vinicolor, 150 ; Stanhopea tigrina superba, 76 ; Sweet Peas George Stark. 98 ; Miss Constance Oliver, 97; Mrs. H. Bell, 98; Mrs. Ireland, 97; Paradise Ivory, 97 : Thalictrum dipterocarpum, 149 ; Trichopilia nobilis alba, 150 ; Tritonia Hereward, 190 ; T. Norvic, 190 ; Tunica Saxi- fraga fi. pi., 35 ; Vanda amcEna var. Sanderse ; V. cceru- lea Charlesworthii, 316 ; V. cceru- lea " R. Chollet," 381 ; Viola cornuta puipurea, 253; V. Ernest Needham, 35 Cheddar Pink, the, 214 Cherries, maggots in, 53 Cherry, the Cornelian, 53 Chertsey gardeners and the Gar- deners' Royal Benevolent Institu- tion, 363 Chicago flower show, the, 325, 408 Chimonanthus fragrans, 251 China, plant collecting in, 394;

viticulture in, 12 Chinese vegetable tallow, 112 Choisya ternata in the Midlands,

346, 380 ; hardiness of, 416 Chrysanthemums, damping in, 416; Pelton's Favourite, 330; Japanese varieties for decoration, '405 ; tables decorated with, at the flower shows, 405, 451 ; in France, 313, 395. 396; in the London parks, 358, 436

Chrysanthemum shows and the

R.H. Hall, 268 Cirrhopetalum Macr^i flowering at

Gatton Park, 179 Clarke, W. H., retirement from

Aston Rowant gardens, 250 Clark, Mr. G. D., honour for, 91 Clematis indivisa as a plant for

forcing, 346 Clianthus puniceus albus, 23 Climbing plants, evergreen, for a conservatory wall, 336 ; at Craig- nish Castle, Argyll, 346 Climbing Roses, early-blooming, 64 Cloth made from Pine leaves, 280,

36G Club, the R.H.S. employees, 51 Coal, anthracite, for greenhouses,

335 Cold chambers, how to construct, 321, 356, 374 ; for fruit, 201 ; for Oncocyclus Irises, 32, 115 Colonial exhibition, 399 Colonial notes, 46, 63, 425 Colour chart, the, 187 ; and the

mirette, 219 ; a new, 218 Colour mutations in Leptospermum

scoparium, 54 Compositae, shrubby and soft- wooded species of, 23 Conference on the spraying of

fruit trees, 185, 300, 316 Congress of Alpine gardeners, 12 Conservatory, plants for an un- healed, 4±2 ; wall climbers for a, 336 Co-operative flower show, 146 Copal or anime, source of, 11 Coprinus micaceus and other gar- den fungi, 201 Coquilla-nut Palm, the, 396 Coriaria japonica, 73 Cornus Mas, 53

Cotton growing in Barbados, 46 Cours la Reine greenhouses to be

demolished, 92 Covent Garden Market, tropical

fruits in, 443 Crane, Howard H. [The Book of the

Pansy, Viola, and Violet), 178 Crataegus flowering in November,

380 ; in December, 438 Crataegus, Missouri species of. 111 Cricket at East Burnham Park, 12 ;

at Wisley, 147 Crossandra undulsfolia, 106 ; in a

Java nurser}', 291 Croydon, small holdings at, 299 Cryptococcus fagi (felted Beech

coccus), 257 Cucumber Sutton's Every Day, 323 Cucurbita ovifera, 25 Cultural memoranda, 25, 81, 104,

212, 227, 392 Currant, black and red, attacked bv American Gooseberry-mildew, 203 Custard, Apple, the, 443 Cyaniding a plant stove, 207 ; vineries in winter, 336; wasps' nests, 51 Cyperaceae, new genera and species

of, 233 Cypress wood, durability of, 250 Cypripedium Actaeus Bianca, 261 ; C. Dreadnought, 389; C. San- actasus etoniensis, 416 Cytisus X Beanii, 339, 449 Cytisus X kewensis, 323

Daffodils, need for a trial o£ earlv-flowering Trumpet, 114

Dahlia Society, a New England, 51

Dahlia societies, union of, 297, 440

Dahlia, the, 194

Dallimore, W. [Holly, Yew and Box), 450

Damping in Chrysanthemums, 416

Daylisht Bill, the proposed, and public parks, 172

Deforestation in New Zealand, 355, 375

Delphiniums, 3S8 ; need for replant- ing, 172

Dendrobium amoenum at South Lodge, Ascot, 4 ; D. bicaudatura at Gatton Park, 323 ; D. Brymer- ianum, " Gatton Park variety," 110; D. hercoglossum at Clilfe Cottage, Rawdon, 42 Dendrological society in Austria, 12 Deterioration of stock, 114 Dew, the formation of, 204 Dianthus caesius (Cheddar Pink),

214 Dillenia indica, fruits of, 445 Dimorphotheca Barberiae rosea,

363 Diospyros Kaki (Date Plum), 402 Diseases and robust plants, 331,

299 ; the prevention of, 378 Diseases of Potato, 146, 266; of Lilac, 404 ; of Seakale, 1 ; of Tomato, 121 Distress employment in the Royal

parks, 329 Dresden, a garden city near, 266 Drugs, treatment of unknown, in

the London markets, 128 Drumlanrig Gardens, Miltonia

vexillaria at, 185 Dry border, plants for a, 335 Dublin f^eed trade employees' an- nual dinner, 432 ; conversazione, 379 Durian fruit, the, 445 Duthie, Mr. J. F., retirement of,

379 Dwarfing stocks, the history of, 61, 94

Electric fountains, 298

Electric light and vegetation, 363

Epidendrum costatum, 425 ; E. fal- catum at the Physic Garden, Chelsea, 378 ; E. Lambeauanum, 228

Episcia fulgida, 106

Erica australis, 62

Ericas and Menziesias, to propagate, 224

Eivthrina insignis at La Mortola, 67

Escallonia and Choisya ternata for north walls, 346, 380

Escallonias, 408, 438

Etymology of plant names, 219, 252

Euphorbia, the genus, 372

Evolution and science, 74

Examination in horticulture in India, 249

Exhibiting vegetables, 269, 313

Exhibitions, the R.H.S., 94; fol- lowing Bank Holidays, 115

Experiments with seeds of Rubber plants, 379

Factory Act and concessions to

florists, 217 Fairlawn, Putney, Orchids at, 305 Falconer, William [Mushrooms and

How to Grow Them), 229 Fan-trained fruit trees, 233, 269, 282 Farmer, Prof. J. Bretland [The Book

of Nature Study), 391 Farmers and science, 345 Farrari, Giovanni Battista, 218 Farrer, Reginald [Alpines and Bog

Plants), 409 Fatsia Sieboldii as a market plant,

144 Federation of horticultural socie- ties in Holland, 31 Fennel, Italian, 433 Fernald, Merritt L. (Gray's Manual

of Botany), 412 Fern hunting in Devon.shire, 163 Fern society, a proposed, 314

30S6(>

The Gardeners' Chronicle,!

INDEX.

[December 26, 1908.

Fernery, the, 163

Fibre from Bananas, 413 ; from Pine leaves, 280, 366

Finsburv Park, Chrysanthemums in, 358

Fisher, W. (roresi Utilisation), 392

Floral mechanism, types of, 70

Floricultural history, 203

Florists and the Factory Act, 217

Florists' flowers, 122, 162, 194, 212, 323

Flour and paraffin emulsion, 449

Flower garden, the management of the, 9, 28, 49, 68, 83, 108, 127, 144, 164, 181, 198, 215, 230, 247, 263, 279, 293, 310, 327, 342, 360, 37G, 393, 411, 431, 447

Flowers, female, of Begonia Gloire de Lorraine, 204

Flowers, forcing, by hot water, 12 ; in season, 11, 167, 330, 363; in the Transvaal, 63 ; unseasonable, 363, 367; visited bv butterflies. 304

Flowers of Spenser, 6, 15, 26, 32, 45, 54, 65, 73, 94, 103, 124, 138, 172, 204, 251, 282

Flower, the pictures at the Paris Salon, 32 ; seeds difficult of ger- mination, 170, 219 ; show at Hol- land House, 33 ; show, a village, 193

Foliage, fine, plant at exhibitions, 265

Forcing of bulbs, 402 ; plants bj' warm water, 12, 395, 417; Cle- matis indivisa, 346 ; hardy trees and shrubs, 403, 427, 446 ; the art of, 50

Foreign correspondence, 258, 291

Forest fires, some historic, 282

Forest planting, failures in, 357, 446

Forestry, 357, 446 : at the Hungarian l-.xhibition, 161; in Scotland, 111 ; in the north of Scotland, 330

Fortifications of Paris as Parks, 217

Fountain, an electric, 298

Frame used in a " French " gar- den, method of constructing a, 219

Franco-British Exhibition, 91, 147, 280 ; flower show at, 255, 269, 298

Frau Ida Brandt, the late, 233

Fitesias, cultural note on, 140

Freezing chambers, to construct, 321, 356, 374

Fremontia californica at East Burnhani Park, 94

French agriculturists visit some Essex seed farms. 111

French garden, notes from a, 14, 22, 62, 93, 140, 159, 180, 218, 259, 324, 357, 423 ; international exhi- bition, 218 ; National Chrysan- themum Society, 313 ; system of cultivating Mushroom spawn, 202; system of market garden, 47, 60, 72, 74

Frogmore, Koyal gardens at, 337, 364

Frost, damage by, in France, 31

Fruit and Floral Committees of the R.H.S., jubilee of, 362

I'ruit crops, remarks on the con- dition of the, 84, 90, 105, 131, 142, 160, 173, 188

Fruiterers' Company, the, 281

Fruit-growing in British Columbia, 250

Fruits, danger of spraying ripen- ing, 330 ; fortnightly competitions for, 449 ; misnaming at show, 346 ; preservation of, in cold stor- age, 201; in brine, 112; renaming at shows, 367 ; of Hoya carnosa, 305 ; tropical, 443 ; under glass, 8, 28, 49, 68, 82, 109, 127, 145, 165, 183, 199, 214, 231, 246, 262, 279, 295, 311, 327, 342, 360, 376, 392, 410, 431, 447

Fruit trees, a conference on spray- ing, 185; in pots, 371, 389; in-

- spection of, in Utah, 51 ; pn walls, 122 ; trained, 233, 269, 282 ;

register, 14, 219, 388, 406 ; show,

the autumn, 313 Fry, Rt. Hon. Sir Edward (Brilisk

Mosses), 379 Fuchsias, a new race of, 68 ; a

sale of, 130 Fuller, Andrew S. (The Illustrated

Strawberry Ciilturist), 229 Fungus foray at Mulgrave Woods,

249 Furnaces, proper stoking of 379 ;

417

Galega officinalis grandiflora alba, 393

Garden city near Dresden, 266

Gardener's, a, bequest to charitv, 345

Gardeners, bequests to, 167

Gardener's long service, a, 345

Garden labour bill, an old, 452

Garden toadstools, 201

Gas heating-appliance for a green- house, 173

Gas lime, acetylene, 80

(iatton Park, Keigate, 225

(rerbera Jamesonii, new French varieties of, 433

German vegetable imports from Holland, 433

Germination of flower seeds, 170

Grenada, the Orchids of, 228

Gilbey, Sir Walter (Milk and Milch Animals), 92

Gladioli, some choice varieties of, 167

Gladiolus, the, 189 ; an abnormal seedling, 268

Glasnevin, plants in flower at, 345 ; hardy flowers at, 177

Gloriosa superba, 227 ; 252

Gloxinias at Warsash House gar- dens, 91

Gooseberry, black-knot disease of, 208; mildew, 15, 71, 147, 171, 203, 208, 378,

Gooseberry bushes, to destroy, bv fire, 15'

Gooseberry-mildew, the American, 203, 378 ; in Essex, 147, 171 ; in Kent, 71

Grafting Aralia Veitchii, 24, 104 ; Sciadopitys, 81 ; the double-flow- ered variety of Gvpsophila pani- culata, 133; 204

Granadilla, the, 445

Grape fruit, the, 443

Grape growing in China, 12

Grape rot disease, 402

Grapes : Canon Hall Muscat, 452 ; Diamond Jubilee, 388 ; Gros Guillaume, 148, 172 ; Muscat of Alexandria, supposed variety of, 394, 413, 438, 450; Prince of Wales 298 ; red and grizzly varieties of, 406, 438 ; the \^■is!ev collection of, 203, 232, 248

Grass attacked by a fungus, 370

Grimston Park, Tadcaster, 66

Greenhouse at Kew in August, 162

Green Peas, to bottle, 136

Guava, the, 444 ; purple, 445

Gumming in Plums, 40

Gynoscium or gyna^cium ? 252

Gypsophila paniculata, grafting the double-flowered, 133, 204

llAARLEXt jubilee exhibition, 249,

413 Hackwood Park, frees at, 6 Hamburg irrigation fields, 433 Hardiness of Hibiscus syriacus, 204 Hardy flower border, 268 Hard'v fruit garden work, 8, 28, 49, 69, 83, 108, 126, 145, 164, 183, 198, 214, 231, 246, 262, 278, 293, 311, 326, 343, 361, 377, 393, 411, 430, 447

Harvard College acquires land for

forestry, 282 Hay crop at Kothtmsted, 292 Heaths, Britis'n, in the garden, 171 Heating greenhouses by gas, 173 Heliconias, 13 Helxine Soleirolii, 119 Hemsley, Alfred \The Book of Fern

Culture), TiS, Hemsley, Mr. H., 233 Hevea, seeds of, 379 Hibiscus syriacus, hardiness of,

179, 204, 258 Hillebrandia sandwicensis at Chel- sea Physic garden, 412 Hislop, Alexander, appointment of,

297 Holland, bulb growing in, 243;

282 ; federation of horticultural

societies in, 31 Holland House, flo»-er show at, 11,

33, 54 Holly, Dallimore on the, 450 ;

grub, 19; berries persistent, 452 Hollyhock, the, 184 liolothrix villosa flow-erincr at

Bradford, 179 Hooker, Sir J. D. (Icoiies Plan-

tarum), 363 Hop industry, the. 111, 218, 298 Horticultural College, Swanley, 12,

70 Hot water and early flowering, 12,

395, 417 Houdapare, the 'Dillenia indica),

445 Housing and Town Planning Bill,

298 Howden, Yorkshire, Grapes at, 148 Hoya carnosa, fruits of, 305 Hungarian agriculture and horti- culture, exhibition of, 41 Hutchinson, Mr. J., appointment

of, 379 Hybrid Orchis Idtifolia X O. macu-

lata, 194 Hybrid Sweet Briar Refulgens, 129 Hydrangea, the specific name of the

common, 233

Ice chambers, how to construct,

321, 356, 374 Ideal Home Exhibition, gardening

at the, HI, 281 Ilex Marnockii, 452 India, examination in horticulture

in, 249 Ink. indelible, for garden labels,

432 Insects, injurious, proposed work

on, 51 International show at Berlin, 1909,

313 Inventions, new, 173, 397, 432 Irises, Japanese, 125, 141 ; notes

on, 3 ; Oncocyclus and cold

storage, 32, 115 Iris nepalensis, 115 ; olbiensis X I.

Korolkowii, 3; I. tectorum alba,

3 ; I. yaga, variation in colour of

beard in, 3 Irrigation fields at Hamburg, 433 Irritant woods, 167 Ismene calathina, 133 Ivy plants for a grave, 304 Ixoras, the culture of, 307

Jak-fruit, the (Artocarpus inte-

grifolia), 445 Japanese Maoles, hardiness of, 273,

299, 314, 346, 380, 416 Japanese Nursery, a, 277 Jardin de Linnasa at Bourg St.

Pierre, 216 Juglans regia fertilis, 409 Jumping seeds, 266

Kale, Carter's Russian, 5 ; Sutton's Hardy Sprouting, 103

Kew. appointments from, 379 ; cul- ture of Tulips at, 241 ; dis- tribution of hybrid plants raised at, 399, 449; Orchids in flower at, 405 ; rock-garden covered with snow in April, 43 ; the Alpine house at, 46 ; notes, 46, 162

Kitchen garden, w'eeklv operations in the, 8, 28, 48, 69, "83, 109, 127, 145, 165, 183, 199, 215, 230, 247. 263, 279, 295, 310, 327, 342, 360, 377, 393, 410, 431, 447

Kubelik, Herr, 413

LABURNtJM. unseasoned flowering

of the, 313, 330, 363 Laelio-Cattleya Stamford, 425 La Mortola, notes from, 23, 67, 81,

202, 281, 366 Larch, the, as an avenue tree, 32 Lavender crop, the, 92 Lawn, a machine for cleaning, 451 j

moss on a, 336

Law Notes : — Florists and the Factory Act, 217 ; fraud at a flower show, 271 ; Housing and Town Planning Bill, 298 ; Potato seed dispute, 437 ; the law relat- ing to small holdings and allot- ments, 101

Leaves and light, 312

Leipzig show, Roses at the, 260

Leonardslee gardens, flowers from, 11 ; plants in flower at, 94

Leptospermum scoparium, colour mutations in, 54

Libocedrus macrokpis and ijther species, 148

Lichi or Litchi fruits, 444

Light and leaves, 312

Lilac, a new disease of, 404 ; flowering in October, 330

Lilies, favourite, 426

Lilium japonicum, 74; L. Leicht- linii, 245 ; L. longiflorum, disease in, 245

Lily culture in south-western Scotland, 202, 426

Lime, the, as a town tree, 167

Liriodendron chincnse, 429

" Little Nipper " boiler, the, 173

Lockinge, Strawberries at, 32

London parks, Chrysanthemums in the, 358, 436 ; terms of em- ployment in, 218

Loquat, the, 444

Lowe, Richard, the late, 111

Lupin, the tree, 324

Lupinus arboreus " Snow Queen," 324

Maggots in Cherries, 53 Malvastrura hypomadarum, 93 Mandevilla suaveolens at Ash- bourne, Co. Cork, 148 Mangosteen, the, 445, 449 Mango, the, 443; an excellent

variety of, 425 Manure spreaders, 51 Manure, weeds introduced w-itli, 379 Maples, Japanese, hardiness of, 273,

299, 314, 346, 380, 416 Market gardening, 144, 162

The Gardeners' Chronicle,]

INDEX.

[December 26, 1908. v.

Market weights and measures, 224 Marshland bulb season, the, 162 Matherne I'alace, Chepstow, 429 Mawdesley, Willow industry at, 397 McKay, C. D. {The French Garden),

50 Meconopsis sinuata, 202 Medinilla magnifica, culture of, 291 Melons exhibited for award at the

K.H.S. meetings, 15 Michaelmas Daisy " Climax," 308 Miltonia vexillaria flowering at

Drumlanrig gardens, 185 Mitchell, W., the late, 189 Mites on pot plants, 133 Moat gardens, the, Windsor, 147 Moncrieff, A. R. Hope (Kcw Gar- dens), 213 Monkey nut, the, 444 Monreith, the culture of Ljlies at,

202.; notes from, 91, 281, 366 Monstera dehciosa, 444 Montbretias, new varieties of, 227 ilorris, Sir Daniel, retirement of,

282 ; honour for, 345 Mosquitos, the extermination of, 71 Moss on lawns, 336 Moulton Paddocks, 398 Mount Edgcumbe, hardy flowers at,

on December 1, 417 Mud from a pond, 402 Mulching, 23 Mushroom spawn, the cultivation

of, in France, 202 Music and gardeners, 437, 452 Mutisia decurrens at Oakley, 204

Najies, plant, pronunciation of,

232, 234, 244, 267, 282, 308, 341,

373, 390, 414, 434 Narcissus blooms in November, 399 Nectaries and their origin, 166 Neill Medallist, the, 12 Nelson Monument, decoration of

the, 280 Nephrolepis superbissima in

America, 324 Nerin« fiexuosa alba, 416 Nertera depressa. culture of, 25,

74 New England Dahlia Society, 51 New inventions, 173, 397, 432 New Zealand, deforestation in, 355,

375 ; Potato experiments in, 413 Nicholson, George, the late, 325 ;

proposed memorial to, 249, 330 Nile, a lecture on the, 286 Nitrification in soil, 233 Noel, Bernard [La Culture des

Orchidees dans ses rapports avec la

symhiose), 344 North wall, shrubs for a, 304, 330,

368, 380 Nursery, a famous French, 91 ;

festivities at Messrs. Cheal's, 250

Nursery Notes : — Gauntlett, V, N., & Co., 22; Low, Hugh, & C, 211 ; Ladham's, B., Ltd., 258 Laxton Bros., 52; Page, W. H. 107 ; Rogers, W. H., & Son, Ltd. 307 ; Sander & Sons, 274 ; Sutton & Sons, 198, 235; Yokoh; Nursery Co., 277

Nymphaea Lotus as food, 345

II. J., 354 ; Cooke, George, 156, 192 ; Cronibie, Alexander, 286 ; Don, John, 335 ; Eastwood, Isaac, 335 ; Fairgrieve, Peter, 298 : Free- land, Dr. Douglas L., 286; Gal- loway, Albert, 130 ; Greaves, Benjamin, 32; Greenwood, Cecil, 385 ; Hogg, Thomas, 32, 78 ; Kar- sten. Dr. Hermann, 130 ; Lister, Arthur, 71; Lowe, Richard, 78; Lye, Richard, 239 ; Mitchell, W., 174, 189; Nicholson, George, 232, 239 ; Noll, Prof. Dr. Fritz, 31 ; Ouvrard, John, 239; Penford, Charles, 32 ; Redman, George, 266; Salter, George, 32; Smith, Martin Ridley, 354; Walker, John, 192; Wallace, Alexander, 32 ; Whitehurst, John, 136 ; Whal- ley, William, 420; Wheelans, James, 440 Odontioda Charlesworthii at Glebe- lands, 4 Odontoglossums : amabile Fowler- ianum, 4 ; Leonidas, 388 ; Nemea, 388 ; Oxus, 388 ; Pescatorei, Wes- tonbirt variety, 249 ; Queen Alex- andra var. Crawshayanum, 43 Olearia stellulata as a rock-garden

shrub, 261 Oliveranthus elegans at Edinburgh

Botanic Garden, 274 Oncidium spilopterum at Lvnwood,

Penarth, 210 Oncocyclus Irises and cold storage,

115 Onion show at Leamington, 331 Orchid houses, work in the, 8, 29, 48, 69, 83, 107, 126, 144, 164, 181, 199, 231, 247, 263, 278. 294, 311, 326, 342, 361, 377, 392, 411, 431, 446 Orchid notes and gleanings, 4, 24, 42, 179, 194, 210, 228, 274, 291. 323, 374, 388, 405, 425 Orchids, a sale of, 329; at Fair- lawn, Putney, 305 ; at Kew, 405 ; at Lynwood, Penarth, 425 ; at Messrs. Sander & Sons' nursery, 274 ; of Grenada, the, 228 Orchid seeds, the germination of,

344 Orchis latifolia and O. maculata,

hybrid between, 194 Ordeal plants, 344 Origin of species, the, 30 Orton Hall gardens, 257 Oxalis crenulata as a culinary vege- table, 12 Oxydendron arboreum, 179 Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius, 82

Obituary: — Acton, Thomas, 206; Annesley, Lord, 440 ; Balder- son, Henry, 156; Baltet, Charles, 420; Bethell, George, 192; Bonavia, Dr. Emanuel, 385 ; ■Carder, John, 420 ; Clavton, Mrs.

P.iiONIA arborea, yellow-flowered varieties of, 94 ; P. lutea superba, 50 ; P. Mlokosewitschii, 70

Pseony, a new hybrid, 73

Palm producing the Coquilla nut, 396

Panshanger, Hertfordshire, 325

Pansy and Viola, the, 162

Papaw, the, 445

Papaw tree, the, fruiting in Eng- land, 176

Paphiopedilum, characters of the genus, 422

Paraflin and flour emulsion, 449

Parasitic pests and diseases, 330, 299, 331

Paris autumn show, 313, 382

Paris fortifications as public parks, 217 ; Place du Carousel, 330

Parks and gardens, public, 436

Parks, Chrysanthemums in the I.,ondon, 3.58, 436 ; distress em- ployment in the, 329 ; terms of employment in the, 218; the Southampton, 195 ; to replace fortifications in Paris, 217

Parliament and plant diseases, 360

Passion fruit, the, 443

Payne, C. Harman [^hc Florist's

Bibliography), 313 Pe-a, culinary. Late Queen, 323 ;

The Gladsto.ne, 410 Pear nomenclature, 249 Pears, some autumn, 407 Pear tree slug worm, 208 Peas, culinary, to bottle, 136; trial

of culinary, 37 Peat, economic uses of, 266 Pentstemons, a good strain of, 330 Perennial plants, sowing seeds of,

282 Persimmon, the, 443 Phyteuma spicatum and P. orbit u-

lare, 74 I'ickering, Spencer [Fruit Tncs

and Their Enemies), 363 Pieris formosa at Kew, 5 Picotee and Carnation, the, 212 Pictures of flowers at the Paris

Salon, 32 Pineapples at twenty a penny, 186 I'ink, the Cheddar, 214 Pinus ponderosd, cloth made from

the leaves of, 280, 366 Plant names, a law court definition

of, 54 ; etymology of, 219, 252 ;

pronunciation of, 2.32, 234, 244,

267, 282, 308, 341, 373, 390, 414,

434 Plant notes, 24, 68, 106, 227, 291,

307

Plant Portraits : — A g a v e Watsonii, 183 ; Anisotes diversi- folius, 265; Begonia cathayana, 31 ; Berberis yunnanensis, 329 ; Bulbophyllum galbinum, 185 : Caesalpinia japonica, 129; Ccelo- gyne perakensis, 31 ; Columnea magnifica, 329 ; Eucryphia cordi- folia, 129 ; Didymocarpus cyanea, 31 ; Echinops Tournefortii, 265 ; Indigofera hebepetala, 129 ; Lew- isia Cotyledon, 265; Meconopsis sinuata var, latifolia, 329; Mus- saindaerythrophylla, 329 ; Oleaiia ramulLSa var. communis, 31 ; Polystachya Lawrenceana, 130 : Raphionacme utilis, 265 ; Rhodo- dendron kamtschaticum, 130 ; Rhododendron Maddenii var. ob- tusifolia, 185 ; Rhododendron Mariesii, 31 ; Robinia Kelseyi, 185 ; Rosea £<ericea var. ptera- cantha, 263 ; Pyrus sinensis, 329 ; Zaluzianskya maritima, 185

Plants and skin irritation, 110 ; under glass, the management of, 9, 29, 47, 69, 82, 107, 126, 144, 165, 183, 199, 215, 230, 247, 263, 279, 295, 310, 326, 343, 361, 376, 393, 411, 430, 446 ; watering, 212, 423

Plants for a dry border, 335 ; for a moist bank, 156 ; for an unheated greenhouse, 422 ; in flower at Glasnevin in November, 345 ; ordeal, 344

Plants, New or Noteworthy:

— Asparagus filicinus, 122 ; Bur- bidgea schizocheila, 340 ; Dipelta, the genus, 101 ; Nigella integri- folia, 227 ; Primula malacoides, 397, 413 ; Rodgersia tabularis, 210

Plant stand, a new, 397

Platytheca galioides as a green- house subject, 290

Plums, gumming in, 40

Poisonous, plants, to the skin, 110, 167

Polianthes tuberosa, the double- flowered Tuberose, 291

Polystachya flexuosa, 276

Pomegranate, the, 443

Pond mud, value of, 402

Populus lasiocarpus, a new species, 232

Potato cultivated in Scotland in 1683, 451 ; experiments in New Zealand, 413 ; industry, the, 218 i warty or black scab disease of, 146, 218, 266, 378, 449

Potentillas. the, as garden plants, 24

Pot fruit trees, culture of, 371, 389

Pot plants, mites on, 133

Pot-Pourri, to make, 320

Poultry-keeping, instruction in, 450

Preservation of fruit in cold stor- age, 201

Primula malacoides, 397, 413, 416

Pronunciation of plant names, 232, 234, 244, 267, 283, 306, 341, 390, 414, 434

Propagating Sciadopitys, 81, 115

Pruning, summer, 1, 173

Pseudomonas syringae, a disease of Lilac, 404

Pyrus foliolosa at Daisy Hill Nur- sery, 167

Pyrus Sorbus, seedlings of, fruit- ing, .330

OleE-\'SLand, Banana cultur 395

Railavay stations and flowers, 11 Rambutan fruit, the, 445

Rat and sparrow clubs, 172

Rats, the war on, 133

Renanthera coccinea, flowering of, 133

Retarding plants, cold chambers for, 32, 115, 130, 201, 321, 356, 374

Retinospora, sporting in a, 331

Rhizoctonia violacea, a disease of Seakale, 1 |

Rhododendron indicum var. Kasmpferi, 5

Rhododendrons tor successional blooming, 454

Richardia with 15 spathes, 363

Richmond, Mrs. {In My Lady's Garden), 426

Rio Janeiro, flowers and florists at, 433

Roads, tarred, effect on vegeta- tion, 186

Robinia Kelseyi, 426; R. Pseud- acacia pyramidalis, 409

Robinson, Benjamin Lincoln (Gray's Manual of Botany), 412

Rock garden, the, 259

Rodgersia tabularis, 210

Roof-gardening in New York, 130

Root-grafting the Gypsophila, 133, 204

Root-pruning, 290

Rosary, the, 4, 27, 64, 93, 139, 179, 212, 246, 260, 291, 305, 324, 359, 388, 410, 430

Rose house, plan of a, 212

Roses : Albatros and Lyon-Rose, 395 ; Mrs. Alfred Tate, 432 ; Mrs. Edward J. Holland, 432; Mrs. Jardine in America, 325 ; My Maryland, 106 ; Souvenir de la Malmaison, 260 ; The Garland, 14 ; attar of, 449 ; at the Leipzig show, 260 ; autumnal, 246, 324 ; new miniature standard, 140 ; new Wichuraiana or climbing, 27 ; notes upon new varieties, 31, 260, 291, 305, 324, 359, 388, 430 ; season in Scotland, 140 ; some early blooming climbing, 64 ; that may be forced two and three years in succession, 27 ; weeping standard, 139

Ross, Chas., retirement of, 299

Rothamsted, the Hay crop at, 292 ; the Wheat crop at, 436

Royal Horticultural Society and judges' fees, 73

R.H.S. Garden Club, 51

Royal visit to Leeds, decorations for the, 71

Rubber exhibition at Olympia, 31, 248

Rubber tree, a new, 12

Rvde, the Old Parsonage gardens, 43

The GarJeners' Chro

cle,]

INDEX.

[December i;ti, 1908.

Sage, 387

St. Anne's, Clontarf, Dublin, 274

Sale of Fuchsias, 130 ; of Orchids,

329 Salvia sclarea, 268 Salvias, 387 Sanders, T. W. (Bulbs and Their

Cultivation), 233 Sapodilla or Naseberry, the, 445 Saxifraga cochlearis, 245 ; S. Van-

dellii, 71 Saxifrages, the Porphyrion, 63 Scale, the San Jose, 379 Sciadopitys verticillata, a method

of propagating, SI, 115 Science and farmers, 345

Scientific Committee: — Abrus precatorius seeds with weevils, 399 ; Achimenes with aerial tubers, 348 ; adventitious shoots on leaves of Cardaraine pratense, 348 ; aerial tubers in Achimenes, 348 ; alien plants, 174, 205 ; am- raonium salts, effect of, on a flora, 16 ; Ammophila arundin- acea affected by Ustilago hypo- dytes, 235 ; Amoranthus retro- flexus an alien weed, 174 ; ants and aphides, 134; Angrascum caudatum, 438 ; Anthuriums pro- pagated from leaves, 438 ; Arach- nanthe Lowii, 438 ; Arisiema consanguineum, 16 ; Apple, glassiness in, 348 ; Aster tripo- liutn, entemophilous character of, 235 ; Beans, fasciation in, 348 ; Bipalium l;ewense, an exotic worm, 399 ; blue-flowered Sweet Peas, 16 ; Cardamine pra- tense, adventitious shoots on leaves of, 348 ; doubling in, 269 ; Carrots splitting, 235 ; Cattleya labiata, variation in, 399 ; Carna- tion, " Black-Eye " disease of, 133 ; Cecidomyia rosarum, a gall on Roses, 204 ; certificate of ap- preciation, a proposed, 348 ; Coniothyrium Kuckelii causing canker in Roses, 174, 348 ; Crocus corms diseased, 348 ; culinary Peas from Jaffa, 16 ; Cypripedium with double lip, 95; Daffodil, poisoning by, 204 ; Delphinium Carmine Queen showing varia- tion, 133 ; Dodder species, 15, 16 ; earthworm, eggs of, 438 ; eelworm (Tylenchus devasta- trix), 16; Epilobium hirsutum, varieties of, 134 ; fasciation in Beans, 348 ; in Mushroom, 382 ; in Oxalis crenata, 269 ; Fern growing in a sealed bottle, 174 ; flowers, abnormal, of Strepto- carpus and Laburnum, 204 ; Gaillardia, virescent, 269 ; Ga- lanthus Olgffi, 269; Geaster Bryantii, 133 ; Grass, viviparous, 348; grease bands for fruit trees, 382, 399, 438 ; Holly retaining its berries, 399 ; hybrids, multi- generic, nomenclature of, 269 ; Laburnum, abnormal flowers of, 204 ; Lathrsea clandestina, fruits of, 16 ; Lily hybrids, 16 ; Listro- stachys forcipata, 133 ; Lonicera periclymenum with green petals, 399 ; mildew on Oak leaves, 204 ; Miltonia vexillaria with semi-double flowers, 16 ; Mush- rooms, fasciation in, 382 ; from spores, 235 ; muta- tions in Shirley Poppies, 174 ; Myosotis, an abnormal calyx in, 95 ; Narcissus bulb, a curious, 348 ; Nicholson, George, the late, 269 ; nomenclature of Orchid hy- brids, 316 ; Odontoglossuras, malformed, 15 ; Orchid, abnor- mal Sower of, 174, 438 ; Orchid hybridrfj nomenclature of, 316 ; Pansy showing regular peloria, 95 ; Papaver Rhceas, variation in flowers of, 235. 335 ; Pear, pro- liferation in, 269 ; Peas, culinary, from Jaffa, 16 ; peloria in Cat-

tleya labiata, 399 ; in Pansy, 95 ; in Streptocarpus, 204 ; Phlox leaves malformed, 16 ; Plum stalk with insect eggs, 204 ; Poly- stichuni angulare, variations in, 399 ; Poppies, mutations in, 174 ; with bracts, 348 ; Poinciana regia, 438 ; Potato with curious growth, 316 ; Primula angusti- dens, 16 ; proliferation in Pear, 269, 438 ; Pseudoraonas hyacinthi, a pest of Crocus, 348 ; Raisins from forgotten Grapes, 438 ; Retinospora, sporting in, 269 ; rhizophores, Selaginella, de- veloped into leafy shoots, 438; Rodriguezia crispa with ab- normal flowers, 174 ; Rose canker, 174, 348 Rose gall (Cecidomyia rosarum], 204; Rubus laciniatus as a wildling, 174; R. rhamnifolius with foli- aceous sepals and abnormal roots, 382 ; Salix undulata, ovary of, 133 ; Selaginella rhizophores developed into leafy shoots, 438 ; silver-leaf disease, 399 ; Sisym- brium Sophia, 235 ; snails and Water Lilies, 316 ; sporting of common Poppy, 335 ; sporting in Retinospora, 269 ; Stapelia grandiflora. flower of, 399 ; Stereum purpureum causing silver-leaf, 399 ; Streptocarpus with peloric flowers, 204 ; Strep- tocarpus, malformation in, 269 ; Sweet Peas, blue-flowered, 16, 95 ; Tomato with enlarged calyx, 204 ; Ustilago hypod}'tes affecting Ammophila arundinacea, 235 ; XS. violacea on Carnation, 133; variation in plants, 133 ; vegeta- tive growths on inflorescence, 269; Viviparous grass, 348; Water Lilies and snails, 316 ; weeds, alien, 174 ; weevils in seeds, 399; "Wheat Ear" in Lychnis alba, 133; winter moth and Cherries, 15 ; worm, an exotic, at Wisley, 399

Seakale, disease of, 1 ; carbolic acid as a curative for, 189

Seeds of perennial plants, sowing, 282 ; of rubber-producing trees, experiments with, 379

Sempervivuni holochrysuni flower- ing at Rosehill, Falmouth, 62

Septoria spot, a disease of Tomatos, 121

Service tree, the, fruiting of, 330 '

Shrubs for a north-west wall, 120, 304, 330

Shrubs, forcing, 403, 427, 446; by means of hot water, 12, 395, 417

Skin irritation caused by plants, 110, 167

Small Holdings and Allotments, law on, 101

Small holdings at Crovdon, 299

Smith, Martin Ridley, 'the late, 366

Snow in the rock-garden in April, 43

Sobralia macrantha alba, 24

Societies: — Aberdeen Chrys., 400; Aberdeen Nat. Hist, and Scienti- fic, 383 ; Ancient Society of York Florists, 369 ; Ascot Hort. and Chrys., 367 ; Bakewell Fruit and Chrys., 383; Battersea and Wandsworth Chrys., 37; Bir- mingham Botanical and Hort., 78: Birmingham Chrvs. Fruit and Floricultural, 351, 439; Bishops Stortford Hort., 118; Bolton Chrys., 385; Brighton and Sussex Hort., 155, 349; Bristol and Dist. Gardeners', 288, 421, 442; Bristol Chrys., 400 ; British Gardeners' Associa- tion, 18, 59, 78, 95, 135, 174, 192, 235, 255, 286. 369, 395, 419; Bradford and Dist. Chrvs., 384; Bromley and Dist. Chrvs., 352; Burgess Hill Gardeners', 79 ; Bury St. Edmunds Chrys., 351 ; Car- diff and Countv Hort., 91 ; Car- diff and Dist. 'Chrys., 175, 237,

288, 350 ; Cardiff Gardeners', 79, 442 ; Cheltenham Root, Fruit and Chrys., 350; Chester Paxton, 368, 442; Colchester Chrys. and Fruit, 383; Col- chester Rose and Hort., 77; Commons and Footpaths Preser- vation, 419 ; Corn Exchange Chrys., 368; Coventry and Dis- trict Chrys., 352 ; Crawley and Dist. Gardeners', 117 ; Croydon and District Hort., 18, 58, 237; Derby Gardeners', 367, 421 ; Devon and Exeter Hort., 318 ; Dublin Seed and Nursery Em- ployees', 379, 432 ; Durham, Northumberland and Newcastle Bot. and Hort., 55 ; Dutch Bulb Growers', 150, 334; Eccles and Pendleton Chrys., 351; Edin- burgh Seed Trade, 419 ; Evesham Market Gardeners', 438 ; French National Chrys., 201, 313, 349; Gloucestershire Fruit and Chr3's., 368; Gloucestershire Rose, 77; Hayward's Heath Gardeners', 288 ; Hereford and West of Eng- land Rose, 95 ; Hereford Fruit and Chrys., 331; Horticul- tural Club, 18, 286, 383; Hor- ticultural Trades' Association, 201 ; Ipswich and East of England Hort., 18; Leamington Onion Show, 331 ; Leeds Profes- sional GardenfTs', 418; Linnean, 40, 34, 379, 400, 438; Liverpool Hort., 350 ; London Dahlia Union, 222, 297 ; Manchester and N. of England Orchid, 55, 235, 382, 419, 439; Manchester Rose .Show, 95 ; Manchester Roval Botanical and Hort., 369; il'id- land Carnation and Picotee, 135 ; Midland Counties Sweet Pea, 117; Nat. Carnation and Picotee, 96 ; Nat. Chrys., 70, 201, 235, 271, 313, 319, 309, 384; (autumn ex- hibition!, 332; (annual dinner), 401; (winter exhibition), 401; Nat. Dahlia, 205, 297, 453; Nat. Hort. of France, 382 ; Nat. Rose, 95, 402; (annual meeting), 439; (autumn show), 236; (summer show), 38 ; Nat. Sweet Pea, 11 ; (annual exhibition), 96 ; (annual meeting;, 440 ; Newcastle-on- Tyne and. District Chrys., 384; Newport Chrys., 350; Perpetual- flowering Carnation, 379 ; (winter exhibition), 420; Portsmouth Hort., 334 ; Putney and Wands- worth Chrys., 367 ; Reading and District Gardeners', 288, 421 ; Reading Hort., 191 ; Reading Chrys., 368 ; Redhill, Reigate and District Gardeners, 288, 421 ; Reigate Chrys., 383; Richmond Hort., 16; Royal Botanic (an- nual meeting), 130 ; Royal Cale- donian, 221 ; Royal Hort., 54, 74, 95, 116, 133, 148, 189, 204, 253, 269, 284, 300, 313, 315, 346, 380, 399, 417, 452; autumn fruit show [Supplementary pages, October 24), (summer exhibition), 33; (colonial exhibition), 399; Royal Hort. of Aberdeen, 383; Royal Hort. of Ireland, 134 ; Royal Scottish Arboricultural, 111, 440; St. Austell Cottage Gardening, 117; Scottish Hort., 56, 77, 134, 205, 286, 367, 384, 419, 438 ; Shropshire Hort. (summer exhibition), 151 ; Smithfield Club, 419 ; Southampton Royal Hort., 40, 98, 348; Southend-on- Sea Chrys., 352 ; Southend-on- Sea Hort., 56; Stirling Chrys., 369; Sutton Coldfield and Dist. Gardeners', 146 : Surveyors' In- stitution, 395; Torquay District Chrys., 367 ; United Hort. Benefit and Provident, 59, 23C, 302, 440 ; Union of Hort. Alutual Improve- ment Societies, 302 ; Walsall and Dist. Gardeners', 146; West of England Chrys., 368; Winchester Chrys., 384; Windsor, Eton and

Dist. Rose, 18 ; Windsor Chrys.,

367; Woolton Chrys., 368; Wol- verhampton Floral Fete, 56 Soil nitrification, 233 Soils deficient in iron, 176 Souari nuts or Butter nuts, 444 Sophora japonica, large trees of,

207 Southampton, public parks of, 195 Southw-ark Park, Chrysanthemums

in, 358 Sparrow and rat clubs, 172, 282 Species, the origin of, 30 Spenser, the flowers of, 6, 15, 32,

45, 54, 65, 73, 94, 103, 124, 172,

204, 251, 282 Spraying, a conference on, 185,

300, 316 ; machines, prizes for,

363 ; ripening fruits, danger of,

330, Stachys tuberifera as a vegetable,

12 Stand for plants, a new, 397 Stapelias, notes upon, 168, 187, 196 State aid to agriculture in

America, 111 Stock, deterioration of, 114 Stocks, dwarfing, 94 ; for fruit

trees, history of, 61 Stoking garden furnaces, 379, 417 Strawberries, culture of, in pots,

94 ; at Lockinge gardens, 32 Strawberry Laxton's Fillbasket, 14 Stuartia malachodendron, 133 Summer pruning, 1, 173 Superphosphate as a manure, 408 Swanley Horticultural College, 12,

70 Sweet Cup or Water Lemon fruit,

443 Sweet Peas, 90, 185 Sweet William, Auricula-eyed, 51

Table decorations, 405, 451 Tallow, Chinese vegetable, 112 Tarred roads, effect on vegetation,

186 Temple Newsani, near Leeds, 5 Texnier, M. C, works of, 71 Thatcher, A. E., appointment at

Arnold Arboretum, 395 The Holt, Harrow Weald, 276 Thomas, H. H. (Lilllc Gardens and How to Make the Most of Tliem), 293 Thrip on vines, to combat, 288 Tithonia diversifolia, 252 Toadstools in the garden, 201 Tomato, disease in, 120, 121 ; can- ning industry, 250 ; dwarf red, 73; trial at Reading, 235 Trafalgar day celebrations, 280 Trained fruit trees, 233, 269, 282 Transvaal flowers, 63 Tree-Paeonies, yellow-flowered, 94 Trees and shrubs, 5, 62, 93, 179, 408; autumn effect of, 209; for a Yorkshire garden, 336; forc- ing hardy, 403, 427, 446 Trees at Hackwood Park, 6 ; effect

of, on roads, 11 Tree Tomato, the, 445 Trewidden, plants in flower at, in

December, 451 Trial of culinary Peas, 37 Trials at Wisley, 32; for 1909-10,

313 Trichocentrum albo-purpureum, 374 Tricuspidaria lanceolata at Castle

Douglas, 93 Tritonias (see Montbretias) Tropasolum tricolorum, culture of,

227 Tropical fruits, 443 Tuberose, the double-flowered, 291 Tulips, the culture of, at Kew, 241 Turin, exhibition at, 31 Types of floral mechanism, 70

The Gardeners' Chronicle,]

INDEX.

[December 26,

U

Uganda, introduction of new plants

into, 112 Unemployed men and the London

Parks, 362

Vallota purpurea, culture of, 454 Vanda ccerulea ("harlesworthii,

374; V. pumila, 43 Variation and inheritance in plants,

200 Vegetables, 5, 103, 323, 410 ; at Al-

denham House Gardens, 289 ; at

Shrewsbury Show, 173, 268;

judged by points, 268, 313 ; two

lesser known, 12 Vegetation and electric light, 363 Veitch, Mr. Harry J., honour for,

329 Verbascum leianthum, 171 Verbena as a market plant, 122

Village flower show, a, 193 Vineries, cyaniding in winter, 336 Viola and Pansy, the, 162 Viticulture in China, 12

Walnut, the dwarf-growing, 409 Walnut crop, the, 112 Walnuts, to preserve, 240, 271 Warley flower show, 193 Warm water, forcing plants by

submerging them in, !2, 395, -'.17 Warsash House gardens. Gloxinias

at, 91 Warty-disease of Potatos, 146, 218.

266, 378 Wasley, J. A., presentation to, 232 Wasps' nests, the destruction of,

43, 51 Water and watering, 423 Weather in North Cornwall, the,

314; in October, 266; in S.E.

Scotland, 15

Weathers, John [A Practical Guide

to School, Cottage J and Allotment

Gardening), 293 Wedding, a gardener's golden, 281 ;

a gardener's silver, 281 Weeds introduced with manure,

379 ; the fight against, 43 Weights and measures, market, 224 Welbeck gardens, fatality at, 298 Wheat Crop at Rothamsted, 436 Whitethorn blooming in December,

438 Wicherley, W. [The New Market

Gardening), 50 Wild fruits in Ireland, utilising the,

266 Willow farm in Lancashire, 397 Wilson, E. H., letter from, 394 Wilson, John H., awarded the Neill

prize, 12 Windsor, the Royal gardens at, 337,

364 ; the moat garden at, 147 Winter moth, caterpillar of the, 32 .Winter severity, range of, 204, 268 ;

in Great Britain, 268 Wisley, collection of Grapes at,

203 ; mid-summer da^y in the,

21 ; trials at, 32, 37, 313 ; cricket

at, 147

Woods causing skin irritation, 167 Wrest Park, Bedfordshire, 157 Wright, Horage J. (Beautiful Flowers and J-Low to Grow Them),

Xanthorhiza apiifolia as a garden subject, 62, 94

Yeak, events of the, 448 Yew, Dallimore on the, 450 Yorkshire fungus foray, 249 Yorkshire gardens, trees and shrubs for a, 336

Zanzibar anime or copal, 11

SUPPLEMENTARY ILLUSTRATIONS.

Catalpa bignonioides flowering at Westonbirt (July 4) ; fruiting at

Westonbirt (October 31) Coprinus micaceus growing on an old tree stdmp (September 12) Dendrobium Brymerianum •■ Gatton Park variety" (August 8) Epidendrum falcatum (November 28) Gatton Park, Reigate (September 26)

Gloxinias, a house of, in Warsash House Gardens (August 1) Greenhouse in the Royal Gardens, Windsor (November 21) Group of foliage plants arranged for exhibition (October 10) Hillebrandia sandwicensls (December 12) LiLiuM speciosum magnificum growing in a Japanese nursery

(October 17) Mii.tonia vexillaria, a house of, in Drumlanrig Gardens (September 6)

Odontoglossum Pescatorei " Westonbirt variety " (October 3)

P.EONIA LUTEA SUPERBA (July 18)

P/EONiA Mlokosewitschii (July 25)

Panshanger, Hertfordshire (November 7)

Rose or Hybrid Sweet Briar " Refulgens " (August 15)

Rose Tausendschon (July 11)

Roses Albatross and Lyon-Rose (December 5)

Roses Mrs. Edward J, Holland and Mrs Alfred Tate (December 19)

Tropical fruits, a group of (December 26)

View in Sir Dighton Probyn's garden at Windsor Castle

(August 22) Windsor Castle, showing the terrace garden (November 14) Wrest Park, Bedfordshire (August 29)

{For List of General Illustrations :

text see next page.)

Vill. The Gardeners' Chronicle,]

INDEX.

[December ■!&, 1908.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

AcANTHOLiMON venustum on a

rockery ia Cambridge Botanic

Garden, 259 Adelaide Cottage in Windsor Home

Park, 337 Alpine house at Kew, 46 Anthurium Veitchii, 181 ; A. Waroc-

queanum, a fine plant of, 180 Apples : Feltham Beauty, 178 ; Red

Victoria, 297 ; Renown, 292 Achras sapota, fruits of, 444 Arctostaphylos manzanita, 163 Asparagus filicinus, 122; A. f. var.

Giraldii, 123 Aster Climax, 308 Avocado-Pear, fruits of the, 444

Baldersby Parkj Thirsk, 113 Bawdsey Manor, Felixstowe, 406,

407, 409 Beech, " Luther," in Windsor Park,

339 Begonia Clibran's Pink, 357 Berlin, exhibition halls at, 104, 105 Bertholletia excelsa, flowers and

fruits of, 445 Blackberry and Loganberry, Low

Junior hybrid, 36, 37 Black, John, portrait of, 345 Black-scab or warty difease of

Potato, 14G Bothy in the Roj-al gardens at Frog- more, 364 Bourg St. Pierre from the Jardin

Botanique de la Linnasa, 217 Brachyglottis repanda, 52, 53 Brazil nut, the, 445 Bulb fields in Holland, 243

Campandla Raddeana, 139 Carnation Enchantress, 107 Carnations, a house of, 358 Carpenteria californica flowering at

Oakley, 112 Catasetum Classianum, 211 Cattleya house in the Royal gardens

at Frogmore, 358 Cattleya Venus, 258 Cheddar Pink, the, 214 Chimonanthus fragrans, 250, 251 Chrysanthemums, a house of, in the

Victoria Park, London. 436 Cold chambers, 321, 322' Conservatory at Panshanger, Hert- fordshire, 325 Crombie, Alexander, the late, 2S6 Cypripedium Actaeus Bianca, 261 ; C. Charlesworthii Bromilowi- anum, 310 ; C. Dreadnought, 389 ; C. Sanactaeus etoniense, 416 Cvtisus X kewensis on a rockerv, 323

Dahlia Snowdon, 220

Dianthus caesius (Cheddar Pink),

214 Dillenia indica, fruits of, 451 Dipelta ventricosa, barren and

flowering sprays of, 102 Durian, fruits of the, 450 Dutch bulb fields, 243

Epidendruni costatum, 425 ; J.ambeauanum, 228

Eucryphia cordifolia, a flowering

shoot of, 129 Euphorbias, species of, 372 Exhibit of rock and water-garden

plants, 55 Exhibit staged by Messrs. E. Webb

and Sons, at Wolverhampton

show, 76

Fountain, an electric, 298

French garden, a frame used in the,

219 Frogmore gardens, Windsor, \ lews

in, 340, 343, 347, 349, 358, 359,

361, 364, 365 Frogmore House, Windsor, 338 Fruits of Malvastrum hypoma-

darum, 93

Gardener's house at Frogmore, 364 Gas boiler, the " Little Nipper," 173 Gatton Park, Reigate, views at,

225, 226, 231 Cieaster Michelianus, the *' Earth

Star " fungus, 272 Geyser in the Weirakei Valley, North Island, New Zealand, 375 Grape Prince of Wales, 301 Grimston Park, Tadcaster, the resi- dence, 66 ; Emperor's Walk, 67

Hogg, Thomas, the late, 78

Hoya carnosa fruits emitting the

seeds, 306 Huernia brevirostris, 198

Iris gracilipes, 125 ; I. laevigata, 141 ; I. tectorum, 142 ; I. t., white variety, 143

Japanese nursery, views in a, 277 Jardin de la Linnsea, view of Bourg St. Pierre from the, 217

Kew, the Alpine house at, 46 Kew, rock garden at, covered with

snow in April, 44 ; Tulip culture

at, 241, 242

Libocedrus decurrens in the grounds of Frogmore House, 338

Lilac shoot affected with Pseudo- monas syringje, 404

Liriodendron chinense, a tree of, 42s)

Litchi or Lychee fruits, 449

Lowe, Richard, the late, 78

Low Junior Berry, a hybrid be- tween the Blackberry and Logan- berry, 36, 37

Lupinus arboreus " Snow Queen " 324

Lye, Richard, the late, 239

Mackei.lar, Archibald, portrait

of, 363 Malvastrum hypomadarum, 92, 93 Meconopsis sinuata, 202 Melon " Eminence '" fruiting at

Frogmore, 343 Michaelmas Daisy, a new varietv

of, 308 Myosotidium nobile flowering in a

Cornish garden, 6 j* flowers and

foliage of, 7

N

Nephrolehs rufescens, 391 New Zealand, a geyser in, 375 Nicholson, George, the late, 239 Nigella integrifolia, 227

OuONTOGLossu-M " Quceu Alexan- dra " var. Crawshayanum, 42 Olearia stellulata flowering on a rockery, 262 Oliveranthus elegans, 275 Orchid, hybrid, between Orchis

latifolia and O. raaculata, 194 Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius, 82, 83

Palms in the Royal Gardens, Frog- more, 349

Panshanger, Hertfordshire, view of the conservatory at, 325

Peach Albatross, 294

Pear attacked by Fusicladium pirinum, 272

Persea gratissima, fruits of, 444

Platytheca galioides, a flowering plant of, 290

Polystachya flexuosa, inflorescence of, 276

Potato, black-scab disease of, 146

Primula malacoides, 396, 397

Pseudomonas syringae causing Lilac disease, 404

Rhododendron Kamtschaticum, a flowering plant of, 128 ; Pink Pearl, as exhibited by Messrs. Dicksons & Co., 48

Robinia Kelseyi, a flowering tree of, 427

Rock and water garden at Holland House show, 55

Rockery at Wrest Park, 157

Rodgersia tabularis, a flowering plant of, 210

Roots of Sealvale affected with Rhizoctonia, 2

Rose --^lex Hill Gray, 236 ; Blush Rambler growing over an arch, 39 ; Elaine, 29 ; Madame Plantier at Frogmore, 361 ; Lady Alice Stanley, 237 ; Lady Godiva, 25 ; The Garland, 14 ; White Dorothy Perkins, 27

Rose house, section of a, 212

Ross, Chas., portrait of, 299

S

Salvia carduacea, 246 ; S. sclarea flowering in a border, 268

Sandringham Court in Sir Dighton Probyn's Windsor garden, 147

Sapodilla or Naseberry, fruits of the, 444

Saxifraga cochlearis flowering on a rock-garden ; S. Vandellii, 71

Scilla cilicica, flowers and foliage of, 193

Seakale roots affected with Rhizoc- tonia, 2

Seat, stone, in the grounds of Gat- ton, Reigate, 226

Sempervivum holochrysum, 62

Septoria spot on Tomato leaf, 121

Smith, Martin R., the late, 354

Snow-covered rock-garden in.-'\pril, 44

Sophro-Cattleya Doris, 356

Southampton public parks, views in, 195

Stanhopea oculata, a flowering plant of, 115

Stapelia Bayfieldii, 168; S. bella, 168; S. flavirostris, 188; S. gi- gantea, 182 ; S. glabriflora, 186 ; S. Hanburyana, 167 ; S. hirsuta var. depressa, 170; S. hirsuta var. unguipetala, 169; S. longi- dens, 196 ; S. olivacea, 197 ; S. Pillansii, 187

Straw-berry Pineapple, 54

Stuartia nialachodendron, flowers and foliage of, 132

Sweet Peas, Messrs. J. Carter & Co.'s exhibit of, 97

Tomato leaf affected with Septoria

spot disease, 121 Tulip bulbs graded, 242 Tulips planted in the " nursery " at

Kew gardens, 241

\'axda coerulea Charlesworthii,

171 ; V. pumila, a flower of, 43 Views in a Japanese nursery, 277;

in Southampton public parks,

195 Verbascum leianthum at Glas-

nevin, 171 Vinery at Frogmore, 310

W

Wall, insulated, for a cold store, 321, 322

Whalley, William, the late, 420

^Vindsor, view-s in the Royal gar- dens at, 337, 338, 339, 340, 343, 347, 349, 358, 359, 361, 364, 365 ; views in Sir Dighton Probvn"s garden at, 147, 149

Wrest Park, gateway leading to the kitchen garden, 158 ; rockery at, 157 ; flower-garden, 169

Yokohama, views in a nursery at, 277

July 4, 1908.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

(Siub eucrsUbroniclc

No. 1,123.— S.4TURDAY, July 4, 190S.

CONTENTS.
Alpine Gardeners, Con-		Railway stations, flow- '
gress of	12	ersat 11
Anime, a valuable resin		Rose "The Garland" 14
for varnish	11	Rubber tree, a new ... 12
Benevolent Institution,		Scotland, effects of low
Gardeners' Royal —	10	temperature in S.E. .. 15
Books, notices of—		Societies-
Vegetables for Home		British Gardeners' ... 18
and Exhibition	3	Croydon and Dist.
Publications received	12	Hort 18
Catalpa bienonioides ...	11	Franco-British Exhi-
Chinese viticuhure ...	12	bition n
Cricket at East Burnham		Horticultural Club ... 18
Park	12	Ipswich and East of
Dendrological Society		England Hort. ... 18
in Austria	12	Richmond Horticultu-
Flowering of plants,		ral 16
early, promoted by		Royal Horticultural
hot water	12	(Scientific Commit-
Flowers of Spenser, the	6,15	tee) 15
" French" garden, notes		Windsor Rose and
from a	14	Horticultural ... 18
Fruit Register-		Seakale, a disease of ... 1
Strawberry Laxton's		Sweet Peas, forthcoming
Fillbasliel	14	exhibition of 11
Gooseberry - m i 1 d e w,		Temple Newsam, near
Americaa	15	Leeds 6
Heliconias	13	Trees and shrubs—
Holland House show,		Pieris f >rmosa ... E
the forthcoming	11	Rhododendron indi-
Melons at the R.H.S.		cum var. Kiempferi 5
meetings	15	Trees at Hackwood
Myosotidium nobile ...	6	Park 6
Orchid notes and glean-		Trees, roadside 1
ings— Cattleya Warsce- wiczii "Frau Me- laine Beyrodt " ... Dendrobiumamoenum	4 4	Vegetables- Kale Carter's Russian £ Vegetables, two lesser- known 1
Odontioda Charles-		Week's work, the—
worthii Odontoglossura ama-	5	Apiary, the Fiower garden, the ...
bile Fowlerianura...	4	Fruits under glass ...
Pruning, summer	1	Hardy fruit-garden ...
Rosary, the —		Kitchen garden, the...
Cultural hints for		Orchid, houses, the ...
July	4	Plants under.glass ...
Rose season, pros-		Wilson, Dr. John H.,
pects of the	15	awarded the Neill prize 1

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Catalpa bignonioides flowering at Westonbirt, Glouci tershire. (Supplementary Illustration.)

Myosotidium nobile, flowers and leaf of, 7 ; in ^ John Enys' garden, Cornwall

Odontoglossum amabile Fowlerianum

SUMMER PRUNING.

I'^HE time for summer pruning hardy fruit trees is once more at hand. It may be confessed that, like many other gardening practices, it is hable to misapplica- tion and abuse. Why do we summer-prune fruit trees, of which for brevity's sake the Apple may be chosen as an example? Some will reply that it is in order to induce the for- mation of fruit buds for another year. Others, to relieve the tree of a redundancy of shoots, while not a few perhaps have only custom to fall back upon for a reason. It is not wise to laugh at a thing because it has nothing but custom to recommend it, and it is not always safe to break away from that which long usage has sanctioned as almost imperative, but at the sam.c time it is not a stable footing to rest upon. Therefore custom may be set aside as being not altogether satisfactory. The other reasons are perfectly sound. I do not recall any season in which there has been such a profusion of clean, healthy foliage as the present, nor one in which the work of dis- budding has needed more time. It should be remembered that summer pruning,, properly understood, is simply a corollary to dis- budding, and both are indicative of a system of repression that is artificial, but none the

less beneficial. Our cordons are artificial in intent and in fact ; the very fruit they bear is to some extent imbued with the character of artificiality, for in comparison with that pro- duced by a standard in a large measure left to itself, the size and quality of the two differ essentially.

In summer pruning the first question one has to solve is whether any more buds are re- quired than the tree already is able to mature, or whether there are already too many. It is quite possible that the latter case may be the condition of the tree ; and if so, it is obvious that much of the pruning will resolve itself into a removal of the weaker and worst placed spur-buds, including not improbably here and there a whole spur. Many persons approach summer pruning without consider- ing the possibility of a tree carrying more spurs and potential fruit buds than is good for it. But, no doubt, such a condition is not only possible but highly probable, the high state of perfection to which indoor fruit-culture has been carried proving that it is, to say the least, unwise to overload a tree with more buds and foliage than it can usefully employ. Shoots that have been allowed to extend, and are considered necessary to preser\'e and to shorten, are sometimes allowed to harden somewhat before being pruned, the idea being that secondary growths will not obtrude themselves at that stage. The rationale of " thumb " pruning has been rather lost sight of by its opponents as well as bv those who, unwittingly or not, practise this method of shortening. They fear that the growth of a shoot being abruptly terminated, the buds which it was hoped would be pre- served and matured will, on the contrary, be presently forced prematurely into growth. Yet observation shows that shoots may be shortened while yet absolutely immature and that only one or two of the uppermost buds push into growth. It is according to how these are treated that the utility of thumb pruning, as opposed to knife pruning, which is equivalent to late pruning, rests. It is usual to pinch the tips of these repeatedly, and the little shoots which succeed them, in the vain expectation that they exert some obscure in- fluence on the roots. Yet the best method to pursue is to rub off all the secondary growths as they are produced, leaving only the primary leaves, the value of which can hardly be over- estimated, because we know when these have been crippled or destroyed by any means the secondary foliage on which the tree has then to depend, while serving to keep it in existence, is nevertheless incapable of assist- ing a crop of fruit to develop to anything near perfection, or of enabling the tree to provide for the succeeding crop. On the other hand, with a limited quantity of primary foliage the tree is able to mature the current year's crop and to provide for that of the succeeding year. To draw these few threads together, I think it must be clear that the removal of shoots and foliage obviously beyond the necessities of the tree is beneficial. That the sooner a tree is relieved of what is superfluous, must, in the nature of things, tend to induce vigour and fertility, and that, once relieved, the tree should as far as possible be kept in the same condition during its state of active growth, free from " spray," which is capable only of affecting it prejudicially. B.

DISEASE OF SEAKALE.

In the autumn of 1006 serious damage to various kitchen garden crops was noticed in the vegetable department at Wye College, Kent. This damage proved to be due to the attacks of the fungus Rhizoctorda violacea, a root or stem- parasite capable of attacking a very wide range of host-plants. This fungus had not been noticed before in the gardens, but on raising the root crops it was found that during the season it had attacked several crops. The disease had done considerable damage to the Salsify, reducing the crop by fully one half ; the fungus had also attacked Parsnips and Car- rots, and, to a very serious extent, the Sea- kale, the crowns of which (required for the next year's forcing) were rendered useless to the extent of nearly half the crop. Many of the diseased crowns had rotted away.

The fungus Rhizoctonia is seen as a felted mass of violet spawn, or mycelium, adhering closely to the surface of the root, anu form- ing conspicuous violet or purplish patches. The threads (hyphae) of the spawn are very characteristic in appearance when seen under the microscope ; they are violet or purplish in colour, rather thick, and branched rather fre- quently at right angles. Scattered about over the spawn, or sometimes densely clustered, are usually to be found numerous small, firm, vio- let bodies, appearing to the naked eye as minute, round specks not unlike the heads of very small pins. These bodies are called sclero- tia, and are, in fact, little globular masses of the spawn in a resting condition. They are com- posed throughout of densely interwoven hyphs compacted into practically a solid mass of tissue. A microscopic section through one of these sclerotia shows at the base a mass of hyphae passing right into the tissue of the host- plant, and it is thus that the host is attacked, and the necessary nourishment obtained by the fungus. Deca}^ of the tissues of the host-plant ultimately sets in over the affected areas, and in severe cases of attack the whole, or, at any rate, a large area of the root or stock rots away, either before or after the plants are stored. The sclerotia may be looked upon as carrying out the function of winter spores, since they are capable of remaining dormant for a long period, being very resistant to cold, drought, or other unfavourable conditions. Then, when suitable conditions again obtain, the sclerotia grow out into the ordinary vegetative spawn of the fungus, which extends through the soil, attacking various plants as it teaches them.

So serious were the effects of the disease on the Seakale that it was decided to try various remedial measures during the season of 1907. The recurrence of the disease, if no steps were taken, was almost a certainty, since in the first place some of the cuttings used i which were all taken from the crop previously grown) had in all probability borne numerous patches of the fungus, since it occurred so plentifully on most of the roots ; and secondly, the posi- tion of the Seakale bed being required to be the same, there was a strong probability that the soil was already infected with sclerotia, and possibly with growing spawn. It was, therefore, decided to treat portions of the bed with various soil fungicides. Just before the planting of the cuttings, in March, 1907, the bed was divided up into 11 plots. The size of each plot was 19 feet by 9 feet, with the exception of Plot 2, which measured 9 feet 6 inches by 9 feet, and Plot 3, which measured 28 feet 6 inches by 9 feet. The Seakale was planted in rows, the cuttings being about 18 inches apart in the row. The plots received the following treatment :

Plot 1. — Copper sulphate solution, 1 lb. t< 1 gallon water ; 40 gallons applied.

riot 2. — Saturated solution of iron sulphate

THE GARDENERS CHRONICLE.

[July 4, 1908.

with 1 per cent, sulphuric acid ; 20 gallons applied.

Plot 3. — Control plot ; no treatment.

Plot 4. ^Mercuric chloride (corrosive sub- limate), 1 ounce to 8 gallons water; 40 gallons applied.

Plot 5 — Phenol (carbolic acid), 1 ounce to 1 gallon water ; 40 gallons applied.

Plot 6 — Formalin (commercial), 2 ounces to 1 gallon water ; 20 gallons applied.

Plot 7. — Formalin (commercial), 1 ounce to 1 gallon water ; 20 gallons applied.

Plot 8. — Petroleum 3 parts, water 10 parts ; 40 gallons applied.

Plot 9. — Control plot ; no treatment.

Plot 10. — Sulphur ("flowers of sulphur") at the rate of 600 lbs. to the acre, worked into the surface soil.

Plot U.— Control plot.

Plot 12.— Quicklmie at rate of 4 tons to the acre, worked into the surface soil.

The phenol, corrosive sublimate, copper sul- phate, and iron sulphate were dissolved in water ; in the last case the water was hot, and contained the sulphuric acid. The formalin and petroleum were mixed with water, though in the latter a complete mixing was impossible. All the above fluids were applied to the respec- tive plots by a watering-can with a fine rose. The sulphur and lime were applied dry, and inixed into the surface soil.

A few days only after the treating of the soil the Seakale cuttings were planted.

During the summer little difference was noticeable throughout the bed, beyond the fact

that, owing to the very bad tilth brought about by the application of the petroleum, the growth not only of the crop, but also of weeds, was

■^ARXMRpt^v..^

Purplish-violet patches of mycelium occur on the crowi

and on the roots. Densely clustered (groups of scleroti;

have been formed here and there (as at x).

Fig. 2. — portion of two roots of the plant shown in fig. 1, magnified. show'ing the groups of sclerotia aj'ong the purplish- violet mycelium.

greatly checked ; in fact, areas here and there in this plot remained bare all through the sum- mer.

On lifting the crop in the autumn a consider- able difference was noticeable in the health of the crop in the various plots. Although the dis- ease was not so virulent as it had been in 1906, it was sufficiently so in the control plots, and in some of the other plots also, to be the cause of considerable harm. The attack was not severe enough to cause the crowns to rot (as happened in 1906), yet it was present on some plots to an extent sufficient to make th? crowns much weaker than they would otherwise have been Also, in several of the plots the disease occurred plentifully on the roots ; here the danger was that ■' cuttings " from such affected plants would introduce the disease into the soil of other portions of the garden. This constitutes a real danger, since, as mentioned below, the Rhizoctonia disease is able to attack a large number of cultivated plants. The treated plots gave the following results: —

Plot 1 (copper sulphatel. Plot 2 (iron sul- phate). Plot 3 (control). — Disease prevalent on crown and roots, and although in the case of Plot 1 there was perhaps a slight improvement, it did not appear that the use of either copper sulphate or iron sulphate applied in this wav was of any practical use against the disease.

Plot 4 (corrosive sublimate). — Disease preva- lent on the crown, but did not occur, as a rule, on the roots. While the treatment was produc- tive, apparently, of some good, it was clear that the use of corrosive sublimate did not clear the soil of the disease.

Plot 5 (carbolic acid). — In this plot not only were all the plants practically free from the disease, but the crop was heavier and better in every way than on the other plots, t^e crowns being much larger and the roots stouter, and quite free from the disease. It certainly ap- peared as though the application of the car- bolic acid had stimulated the growth of the plants.

Plot 6 (formalin). Plot 7 (formalin). Plot 8 (petroleum). Plot 9 (control). — No satisfactory results. There was as much, if not slightly more, disease in the formalin plots as in the control plot, and the plants were poor. In the petroleum plot the disease was as prevalent and as severe as anywhere ; also, it appeared

that the application of the petroleum had

affected adversely the growth of the plants. Their growth was noticeaMy checked in the spring, and the plants subsequently did not make so good a leaf growth as on the other plots, with the result that, on being dug, the crowns proved to be the poorest, and the roots the thinnest, in the whole of the plots.

Plot 10 (sulphur).— While the growth of the plants was good, the disease was prevalent on the crown and roots. There was as much disease here, in fact, as in Plot 11 (control), and it is doubtful if the treatment did any real good at all.

Plot 11 (control). — Disease prevalent on the crown and roots.

Plot 12 (lime). — For some reason the plants were rather poor, the roots being decidedly weaker than in the other plots. There was, however, an almost complete absence of disease on them. The effect of treating infected soils with various quantities of lime certainly re- quires to be tested further.

Although the positive results obtained in the above series of experiments on treating RhizQctonia-infected soil with fungicides must be confirmed by further tests before absolute leliance can be placed upon them, the result obtained by the use of carbolic acid was so striking that I have thought it well to mention the fact now instead of waiting for the results of further experiments with soil fungicides in the hope that gardeners troubled with this disease on Seakale, or on other plants, will try the use of this simple and inexpensive remedy. Carbolic acid of 90 per cent, purity can be ob- tained at 8d. a pound, and a pound is suffi- cient to treat about 4 square feet. The appa- rently stimulated growth of Seakale in soil treated with carbolic acid is a point of interest. If Seakale is attacked by the Rhizoctonia disease, there is every reason for the gardener to endeavour to get rid of the pest, not only on account of the damage it will inflict on this

V^'

l-'iG 3. — A "cutting" taken from a diseased

PLANT.

crop, but because the fungus Rhizoctonia is able to attack numerous other cultivated plants. For instance, Asparagus beds may replace the Seakale bed, when the former plants will be liable to be attacked by the sclerotia remaining in the soil. In Belgium serious injury to Aspa- ragus beds has been reported from this cause.

July 4, 1908.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

Among other plants liable to be attacked by Rhi;?octonia are the Carrot, Parsnip, Turnip, Salsify, Beetroot, Fennel, Lucerne, Clover, Saffron, and a number of wild plants. In the I'nited States it is reported as being a common cause of the " damping off " of seedling plants (including Lettuce, Cabbage, Radish, Bean, Cucumber). It has been known to attack Rhu- barb, affecting the base of the petioles of the leaf ; a stem rot of Carnations has also been attributed to the same cause.

Two cases occurred recently in the vegetable department at Wye College. In the first case the roots of several plants of Parsley (which had been planted along one side of the affected .Seakale bed) became attacked, and were gradu- ally more or less destroyed. It does not appear that Parsley has hitherto been recorded as a host-plant of Rhizoctonia. In the second case seedling plants of Lettuce were attacked and destroyed in much the same manner as when attacked by the true " damping-off " fungus.

Finally, it must be mentioned that a species of Rhizoctonia often attacks the Potato, forming small hard, blackish or brownish sclerotia on the surface of the tuber. The s:lerotia are very firmly adherent to the skin of the tuber, so that scrub- bing with a scrubbing brush often fails to re- move them. In the autumn of 1907 this disease was noticed for the first time on the Potatos in the vegetable department at the College. On microscopical examination it does not appear that the hyphas of the mycelium break through the skin of the tuber, but, together with the sclerotia which are formed later, remain en- tirely superficial. Thus no harm, apparently, is done to the tubers, except that the appearance of the tubers when the attack is severe is ruined for show purposes. There is also the danger that by the use of Rhizoctonia-infected " seed " Potatos a gardener may introduce the fungus into healthy soil, where it may extend and at- tack various crops. In the United States, Prof. Clinton, in 1905, described and figured Corti- cium vagum var. Solani as the fertile 'tage of Rhizoctonia. Further, a "rosette" disease of the Potato " haulm " (which causes an early dying of the "haulm" before the formation of many tubers, and also an excessive branching and " rosette " or clustered arrangement of the branches) has, in the United States, been traced to Rhizoctonia.

Experiments planned to ascertain whether the Rhizoctonia on Seakale is able to attack Potatos, and also whether Potato tubers affected with Rhizoctonia can be " steeped " in a che.mical sufficiently strong to kill the sclerotia, are already in hand. E. S. Salmon, F.L.S., Mycolo- gist to the South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wve, Kent

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

•Vegetables for Home and Exhibition.

The author of this work upon that useful "branch of gardening — the cultivation of vege- tables— is one of the most successful cultivators of the plants about which he here descants, and he frequently secures the highest prizes at exhibitions for vegetables. As a book to be read with interest by every gardener who is respon- sible for the supply of culinary vegetables to a country house, it is extremely useful, and for the exhibitor indispensable.

In order to make the book easy of reference, the various vegetables are arranged in alpha- betical order- Asparagus cultivation, as may be imagined from its foremost place as a vegetable, forms the subject of a long chapter. The author combats the erroneous idea among cultivators that, to grow good Asparagus, the necessary cost in materials, labour, and time is enormous. He describes the methods adopted

at Aldenham, which are by no means onerous or costly ; and they are those that may be readily undertaken in any fairly good soils, especially in friable and sandy loams. In heavy clays there must be large additions of lightening materials incorporated with the staple — that is all. No other choice vegetables repays the outlay to a de- gree equal to this one, the only drawback being the three years of waiting until the first cutting takes place. The present writer knows some dozen beds in a north country garden that had borne good crops without a break for 50 years ; but the best produce can only be obtained from moderately young plantations. Many an Aspara- gus bed hj.s been ruined by too early and excessive cutting of the shoots. No shoots should be taken till the second year after plant- ing, and then only a very few from the strongest stools. Inter-cropping, as is sometimes done, is to be deprecated as a general practice. Where every bit of garden soil must be cropped, the alleys between the beds niay be cropped with Lettuces or Cauliflowers. Clay's fertiliser at the rate of 1 oz. per square yard is recommended for occasional employment. Seed sowing and forcing come in for appropriate remarks. In the same thorough manner French Beans and Runner Beans are treated upon, of which last several white-flowered varieties are promised, one being Jubilee and the other a seedling from Scarlet Emperor. There is a chapter on Beetroots, including the useful Seakale variety, whose mid- libs may be pulled off in early autumn, and cooked and served in the manner of Sea- kale. Borecoles or Kales, and the Rus- sian Labrador varieties when true, are specially praised for their hardiness and abundant cropping. Similarly, Broccoli are comprehensively treated, and a number of fine varieties are indicated ; but we note no mention is made of the Early Penzance, which comes into use in the early winter months, and is as delicious in flavour as a Cauliflower, with the curd of a pure white. Brussels Sprouts and Cabbages fill several pages of matter ; of the former Dwarf Gem and Cambridge Champion are much appreciated ; the Flower of Spring, for early cropping, and the old \Vinnig- stadt are specially mentioned, the latter as a summer cropper. In regard to Cauliflowers, the author states that with the many splendid varieties now in cultivation, it is an easy matter, where glass accommodation exists, to provide a regular supply of Cauliflowers from April to Christmas. He still adheres to the old practice of sowing seeds in August and September, wintering the plants in handlights and frames, in preference to sowing early maturing varieties in heat, nursing the plants in heat, and planting out as early as the weather will permit. The reason he gives for his preference is that although this method gives more trouble, the heads are finer and firmer, an opinion with which we quite agree. A hint is given to exhibitors of Cauliflowers to make many small sowings, so that they may have good produce at the various shows. No other vegetable occupies a more important place in collections of from six to twelve dishes. For spring sowings Early Giant is a most desirable variety. The chapters on Onions and Peas are of considerable length, as might be expected from the importance of these vegetables from a culinary point of view ; and the book contains a mine of practical informa- tion in regard to their cultivation. The excellent advice is given about sowing Onion seed — to sow in the open twice as thickly as it is in- tended the plants should remain, and to apply artificial manure during showery weather to assist growth. We have found earth-closet manure that has been six times through the closet (Moules' patent) a most efficient aid. The section on growing Onions for show pur- poses is most appropriate. The author has for some years been interested in raising new and improving existing varieties of Peas, his aim being to produce types that possess a good con-

stitution, are free-bearing, have a handi^ome appearance with the Peas of fine quality. Edwin Beckett was his first good variety, receiving an Award of Merit at the Chiswick trials. He has had nothing to excel it as a second early for home use or exhibition. His next introduction was Quite Content, the largest podded Pea in cultivation. There are numerous hints on sowing worthy of notice by exhibitors and gardeners in general. Stopping and thinning are noted, and the information on exhibiting is useful. Mr. Beckett is a believer in deep trenching and heavy

Potatos and their cultivation are fully treated upon from the garden point of view, and a very good list of varieties is appended. For exhibi- tion purposes spaces of 2 to 3^r feet are recom- mended between the rows, and "2 feet from set to set.

A sowing and planting table, and a chapter on exhibiting vegetables, and one on insect and anmial pests and their destruction, are found at the end of the volume; likewise a compendious index to matter and illustrations.

NOTES ON IRISES.

IRIS TECTORUM ALBA. This Iris, which is one of the most delicate and beautiful of all, may easily be raised from seed, and the resulting plants are all white flowered. Plants raised from seeds ripened in 1906 are now in flower here, having stood the winter well, though entirely unpro- tected. The white variety differs, as far as my observations go, from the type in having a stem that is only one-headed, the spathe usually con- taining two buds, while I. tectorum always has a considerably taller stem, which branches to form several heads. I should be glad to know whether anyone has found that the white variety produces similar branching stems

IRIS OLBIENSIS X KOROLKOWIL This is an interesting hybrid of a claret-rea form of olbiensis, often known as Socrates, crossed with a form of I. Korolkowii, the latter being the pollen parent, and it came into flower for the first time in Mcy. The plant combines the characteristics of both parents in practically equal degrees. The foliage is that of olbiensis except that the bases of the shoots have the reddish-brown colouration of most varieties of Korolkowii. The fiower is of olbiensis shape and colour, in so far as the groundwork is con- cerned, but both standards and falls are con- spicuously overlaid with the black-brown vein- ings of Korolkowii, and they run together on the falls to form a black signal patch. The dingy yellowish beard is also the product of the com- bination of the bright yellow of the female parent with the black of the male.

IRIS VAGA.

I HAVT-: this year noticed an ex-traordinary variation in colour in the beard of this Iris. In 1907 I had about twenty plants in fiower, some having bright yellow beards, while in others the colour was a bright vivid blue. 7"he difference in the general appearance of the flowers was quite noticeable by even the moft casual observer. I carefully labelled each plant and, when I lifted them, I separated them according to the co'our of the beards and re- planted them in different beds. This year 1 had over thirty spikes of flower on these two beds, but in no case was there a bright yellow beard. Every flower was of the blue beard variety, though in some cases there were a lew dull yellow hairs far back beneath the style branches.

Iris vaga and I. Leichtlinii are usually sup- posed to differ chiefly in the colour of the beard, but if this colour is liable to variation from year to year, how can we tell whether a given flower is I. vaga or I. Leichtlinii? W . R. Dyf:'^s, CharterhousCj Godalming.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 4, 1908.

THE ROSARY.

CULTURAL HINTS FOR JULY.

Rose plants generally are developing a h«althy growth, and, assuming the foliage to be free from fungal and insect pests, it is nevertheless necessary to employ preventive measures in order to keep the leaves in this ■condition. This can be done by syringing the plants occasionally with solutions of soft soap, •Quassia Extract, and tobacco water. The plants should be sprayed with these specifics during the evening, and be washed with clear water on the following morning.

Standard Briars will now be in the best con- dition for budding, provided all the superfluous ^growths were removed last month, and three ■of the best wtere retained near the top of the stock. The process of budding Roses has been so often explained that it is hardly necessary ior me to do so just now, but I will emphasise th© necessity of observing a few details. In the first place the bud should be inserted on well-

will be best done early in the morning, in the evening, or on dull days. If the weather is very hot and dry, loosen the surface soil and apply a good mulch and an abundance of water some time before budding and afterwards, or until the advent of rain.

The present is a suitable time to visit a Rose nursery to make a selection for autumn delivery, for the best varieties in all classes are now in flower.

The maiden buds can be examined, tied and staked for the last time, and any long shoots now taking the lead over others should be stopped. When the growths proceeding from these buds have flowered they may be pruned back a few " eyes " to cause fresh shoots to break and flower later. Old plants, after flower- ing, may also be pruned in a like manner. The hybrid Tea, China, and Bourbon Roses respond well to this treatment.

The pegged-down Roses referred to in pre- vious notes will now be yielding a wealth of bloom and flower buds, if previous instructions have been carried out.

Fig. 4. — ODONTOGLOSSUM AMABILE FOWLERIANUM.

-matured shoots only, and the scions must be well matured and obtained from the bottom "eyes" ■of a shoot. In the second place, the operation should only be carried out when the bark will open freely from the wood without any bruis- ing. Be careful when removing the wood from "the bark of the scion to leave the "eye" {a prominent one) intact. Insert the bud in the axle of the shoot and as near to the main stem as is possible. The raffia to be used for tying and closing in the bud should be first well soaked in water, and the end of the shoot which furnishes the scion should be kept in vater also as the process of budding proceeds. In the case of dwarf seedling Briars or Briars raised from cuttings, the surface soil ■should be removed a few inches deep, so that "the bud may be inserted just above the root. This will, in a great measure, prevent suckers springing from the base. If only ? limited ■number of stocks are to be budded, ffre work

All growing plants should be given plenty of liquid manures when the flower buds begin to show, but the soil should be moist at the time of its application, for then liquid manures are much more effective. These stimulants may be applied twice weekly, and one application of artificial manure may also be given each week. The manure water, if strong, must be diluted to one-half or one-third of its strength with clear water, for it is better to give it in a weak condition than to run the risk of causing injury to the roots. I have found soot to be a remarkably good fertiliser for Roses when ap- plied with the manure water.

Do not permit overcrowding of weak and use- less growths in established bushes, but thin them out as may be deemed necessary.

AH forced Roses in pots require a good rest, and they should be kept as dry at their roots as is possible without causing absolute fla.gging

of the leaves. This comparative drought may be continued until September.

Plants with their roots in borders under glass require similar treatment, and all the ventilators should be left open day and night. An insecti- cide should be applied over the plants by means of the garden engine, but if the top lights could be removed altogether this would probably be the most effective method of keep- ing the plants clean.

Roses which were raised from grafts or cut- tings and being still in pots 3 inches in diameter should be given a final shift into 5-inch pots, and be plunged in beds out of doors, where they will develop their summer and autumn growth. A cool and comparatively rich root- ing medium with foliage exposed to the night dews will favour sturdy and vigorous growth by the end of the season. Stopping of the shoots should not be continued later than July.

Exhibitors should refer to the hints given in the article that appeared in the first issue for June, as many of the directions then given will now have to be put into opveration. Liberal mulchings from spent hot-beds, if applied to the borders at this season, and copious water- ings are subsequently given, will have very good effects ; if the mulchings are considered to be unsightly, the material may be covered with a little fine soil. Remove faded and dead blos- soms from all rose plants as soon as they are seen, and stir the surface soil with the hoe fre- quently. Cuttings which were inserted during autumn or winter may suffer from lack of mois- ture at the roots unless attention is '^jaid to them. 7. D. G.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

ODONTOGLOSSUM AMABII.E FOWLERIA- NUM (see fig. 4).

(o. crispum punctatum violackum x o. crispo-Harryanum.)

This is a superb hybrid with flowers 4 inches across, broad and well displayed in all its parts, anjd most exquisitely coloured, now flowering for the first time in the collection of J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., Glebelands, South Woodford (gr. Mr. J. Davis). The inner two-thirds of the sepals and petals are of a bright purplish- mauve colour, a few white spots appearing on the petals, and two or three irregular white lines on the sepals. The outer third of the sepals and petals is pale violet colour, the margins of all the segments being silver white. The broad labellum is white in front, red around the yellow crest, and beautifully marked with rose colour on the sides. It is a marked instance of the advantages to be gained by using fine varieties for hybridising.

DENDROBIUM AMCENUM, This fragrant species is flowering with Dr. Gordon Paterson, South Lodge, Ascot, who kindly sends flowers of it. It is a slender species, widely distributed in the Himalayas at a high altitude, and although tolerably plentiful m gardens many years ago, it is now seldom seen. Its slender stems bear fascicles of two or three flowers, all the segments of which are nearly equal, and generally white, with magenta tips, the colouring at the apex of the lip being darkest. The margin of the lip is undulate, the disc greenish-yellow, with a few narrow purple lines on each side. Frequently the flowers are tinged with rose, and an odour resembling that of Violets is very pronounced.

CATTLEYA WARSCEWICZII " FRAU MELANIE BEYRODT."

Of the many handsome Cattleyas at present in flower in the collection of J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., this is the most beautiful, its large blooms being much finer than when it obtained

July 4, 1908 ]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

its First-Class Certificate at the Holland House Show in 1904. The sepals and petals are pure white, the tube of the lip white, with a pale sulphur-yellow disc, and some short purple lines on the upper margin. The front of the labellum is finely developed, and in colour is violet-tinted crimson with a clear white undulated margin. It is a very large specimen, furnished with many flower-sheaths.

ODONTIODA CHARLESWORTHII. This beautiful hybrid, obtained by Messrs. Charlesworth and Co. between Odontoglossum Harryanum and Cochlioda Noezliana, and which was awarded a First-Class Certificate at the recent Temple Show and illustrated in the Gardeners Chronicle, May 30, p. 353, is still in flower in the collection of J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., Glebe- lands, South Woodford (gr. Mr. J. Davis), who purchased the plant, and it is interesting to note the changes in its colour since it first ex- panded its blooms. When first open the flowers were ruby-crimson, with a slight violet shade which passed off in a few days, after which the colour became brighter and less deep in tint, until at present they are of a blood-red colour with an orange tint around the yellow crest. There is a very fine collection of these richly- coloured Odontiodas at Glebelands, but this is certainly the finest and most promising for hybridising purposes, a use to which it has already been put.

TEMPLE NEWSAM, NEAR LEEDS.

The name of Temple Newsam seems to have a fruity sound when mentioned in connection with horticulture, and fully fifty years ago, when the estate was owned by the Meynell Ingram family, Grapes, Peaches, and especially Pineapples were leading products of the gardens. The writer remembers hearing of Providence Pines grown at Temple New- sam weighing up to 12 lbs. each. At that time the gardener was a Mr. Taylor. The estate is now occupied by the Hon. E. L. Wood, a nephew of the late Hon. Mrs. Meynell Ingram. What may be termed the general produce garden is situated some distance from the mansion, and here are erected the glass structures. The soil is stiff and cool, such as is generally found in the carboniferous formation. The uncropped ground in the large kitchen garden is ridged fully 5 feet from centre to centre ; Mr. Dawes, the gardener, informed me he has practised ridging for many years, and found it to be the only method of dealing satisfactorily with the stiff soil in order to obtain good summer, autumn, and winter crops of vegetables. Plenty of manure and well-rotted leaves are worked in when ridging, hence in fine weather in spring and early summer it is possible to procure a good tilth for the sowing or planting of the various crops, and these are as forward and as promising as if the natural conditions were quite favourable. On entering the glasshouses which are still largely used for fruit growing, evidences of high culture are at once apparent. Mr. Dawes was for some years foreman to the late Mr. Colman, of Eastnor Castle, when he was at the height of his fame as a fruit-grower and exhibitor. The first range I visited con- sisted of vineries. The building measured 100 feet in length, and was 28 feet in width, divided into two compartments. They were erected a few years ago by Messrs. Foster & Pearson, and replaced some old houses of about half their width. The old vines were left, and these now occupy the upper half of the roof surface, where they produce fine crops of fruit. In course of time some, if not all, of these vines will have to be removed to make room for young vines that have been planted in new borders near the front of the vinery. These young vines are planted 4 feet apart, and as there is no need to hurry them to furnish the roof, they are forming stout bases and promise in due

time to develop exhibition bunches of Grapes. One division is mainly filled with vines of the Muscat family, and the rods are already carry- ing fine, well-set bunches. The other is a mixed vinery containing Black Hamburgh, Gros Colmar, Prince of Wales, very promising Bar- barossa, Gros Maroc, and others. The variety Diamond Jubilee is to be discarded. At present the roots of these young vines are confined to inside borders.

Adjoining this vinery is a long range planted with Peaches and Nectarines in fine health and cropping heavily. The front is higher than usual, the trellis being carried up some 18 inches from the glass for two-thirds of the roof space, and then curved downwards, thus affording light to the trees on the back wall. At present a row of pot-grown trees of Apples, Pears, and Plums occupy the centre, a temporary stage being utilised to bring them nearer to the glass. In nearly every case the trees were furnished with a good set of fruit, the Apple trees in particular being well cropped. Gardeners who have had experience in cold northern districts, and who have to supply dessert fruits in the late autumn and early winter months, will know the value of pot-grown fruit trees. I am hoping later on to give you the names of those found to do the best at Temple Newsam. Alexander and Amsden June Peaches were mostly gathered. That splendid old Peach Abec does exceedingly well, although not ripe. There was promise of fine crops in both the early Muscat and Hamburgh vineries, Madresfield Court being very promising in the former house. Like most exhibitors of fruits, Mr. Dawes knows the value of having a number of trees in a limited root space, both with a view to getting them ripe at the right time and enabling them to have special feeding with stimulants. Wherever there was a fit sunlit space it was occupied with either a Peach, Nectarine or Fig tree, mostly as half standards in tubs or in boxes. It was almost a novelty to enter a low, flat-roofed house filled with Queen Pines at the stage of their second swelling. Melons in various stages w^ere growl- ing in similar structures. Yorkshire Gardener.

VEGETABLES.

A NEW KALE. A NEW variety of Kale or Borecole known as Carter's Russian is valuable on account of its hardy nature and good culinary qualities. It is very distinct in habit and is valuable for fur- nishing a supply of vegetables in winter and early spring when good green vegetables are scarce. Carter's Russian Kale differs from the older form in its deeply-cut or laciniated foliage and the abundance of useful sprouts which are produced on the stems. The variety is not a tall grower, which is a point in its favour, for it is thus less exposed to winds and is not so liable as taller kinds to be affected by severe weather. The variety has been tried at Wisley in comparison with other Kales, and it has received the high award of a First-Class Certifi- cate from the Royal Horticultural Society. New varieties of green vegetables are not too common, especially those which are in season when most other kinds cannot be had. The culture of this vegetable is simple. For a late supply seeds should be sown in the early summer months on land that has been well prepared, and the seedlings should be thinned or transplanted 2 feet apart both ways. It is a rapid grower, and for an early winter supply I advise a spring sowing so as to enable the plants to be very early planted. But nothing is gained in sowing too early and leaving the plants in the seed beds to become drawn. I have sown the seeds very thinly in rows, dropping them at intervals, thinning out the seedlings when large enough, and thus avoiding transplanting. This system saves some amount of time, and the plants removed can be utilised for a successional crop.

I^nd on which all kinds of Kales are grown should be dug deeply, but the soil needs no manuring provided it was dressed for a previous shallow-rooting crop. The use of fresh manure is not advised. At the same time if the land is poor it should receive some manurial dressing, which should be placed at a good depth so that, the roots can penetrate into it. In planting from seed beds it is best to select young plants and-,, to perform the operation in dull,, showeryv, weather. It is also advisable to plant ijn land„s that has not recently grown a crop of th?;fi Cabbage family, for when members of: thew Brassica tribe are planted in succession uponrs the same site there is a tendency for the land to become infested with the fungus causing club- bing, and this pest is diflicult to eradicate. Geo. Wythes.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

RHODODENDRON (AZALEA) INDICUM VAR. K^MPFERI. Whe.n Professor Sargent made his notable journey to Japan in the early nineties, the literary outcome of which was the delightful Forest Flora of Japan, he found and introduced to cultivation many interesting plants. Amongst these must be counted Kaempfer's variety of the Indian Azalea. In a letter regarding this shrub. Professor Sargent observes that he gathered the seeds from as high elevations and as far north in the mountains as he could find plants growing, '■ in order to obtain, if possible, a new race likely to be hardy in the New England climate." Some of the seedlings he sent to Kew. The plants, although they have not grown quickly, have proved to be hardy in exposed positions, and a goodly number of them are now in flower. The flowers are singularly variable in colour, some being purplish-rose, some rose-coloured, and some rosy scarlet. The best of them are really attractive, and form a distinct acquisition. The leaves are similar to those of the greenhouse varieties of Azalea indica, being lanceolate or oblanceolate, dark dull green, and covered with bristly hairs ; they are, however, considerably smaller. .Although hardy enough to have with- stood the winters during the last 15 years at Kew, the plants give one the impression that warmer conditions would be af. :ptable to them. They are of dwarf, compact habit, and plants raised in 1893 are only from 2 to 3 feet high. Given a warm, sheltered spot, and a light, peaty soil, this northern form of the old Indian Azalea is well worth growing in the gardens of the south and west of Britain.

PIERIS FORMOSA. Two species of Pieris, P. floribunda, and P. japonica, are well known in gardens under the generic name of Andromeda. In places where they, thrive few evergreens are more desirable. This third species, which comes from the Hima- layas, is not so well known. In the Gardeners' Chronicle for April 30, 1881, there is a very characteristic picture of a flower raceme. Al- though not inferior in beauty to either of the better known species, it is not so hardy, and to- see it at its best in this country, one has to go . to the Cornish gardens, where, if I remember rightly, it grows 8 to 10 feet, perhaps more, in- height. But that it will succeed in less favour- able conditions is shown by a specimen at Kew, which was raised from seed in 1902, and grown to flowerng state out-of-doors. The inflores- cence is similar in contour and arrangement to that of P. japonica, but is much larger. The flowers, too, are larger and more cup-shaped, the whole forming a dense mass of pendent white blossoms. They are like those of the tw-o commoner species but larger ; they are broad, lanceolate, 4 to 6 inches long, of leathery tex- ture, and dark green. The shrub is of handsome habit, growing broader than it is high in

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 4, 1908.

open, favourable situations. The same species, or''one Very nearly allied to it, has been dis- cbvered by Mr. E. H. Wilson in Western Hupeh, China. W. J. B.

FINE TREES AT HACKWOOD PARK. A FEW weeks ago Mr. H. J. Clayton referred in these columns to certain trees that were at Hackwood Park, Basingstoke, when he was gar- dener there in 1866. Of these trees he will regret ' to learn that the Weeping Turkey Oak has long since been dead. The Douglas Fir, then some 82 feet in height is still there, but, in common with so many of its noble compeers, has been sadly disfigured by hurricanes and snowstorms. It has also lost its leader, yet it is now about 100 feet in height, and the girth of its stem at 2 feet from the ground, which was then 9 feet 3 inches, is now 13 feet, as 1 found a few days ago when I was enabled to measure it. It is but one of thousands of very lofty Pines and de- ciduous trees in what are called the " Spring " Woods. The most noteworthy specimen tree in the park, however, is a giant and noble round- headed Beech, which, like a true woodland monarch, "stands in its pride alone" in one portion of the huge pasture area. This is pro- bably at least a tricenteaaiian, and its stem at

first to introduce seeds into that county from New Zealand and to grow it permanently in the open, and it is owing to his generosity that it is now to be met with in almost every garden of note in Cornwall. At the late Temple Show three fine plants in tubs were exhibited by Mr. Enys, which attracted much attention and received a Silver Banksian Medal. With their large shining leaves and numerous blue flower- heads, although these were a little past their best, they formed a handsome group in the garden. There is no comparison between the comparatively weak growth exhibited by pot plants and the vigorous habits manifested by well-grown specimens in the open air, where the plants sometimes attai.T a height of 3 feet and carry leaves often as much as 2 feet in length and 18 inches in breadth, the foliage suggesting that of the Rhubarb in its noble form and being particularly attractive owing to its bright green tint and glossy surface (see fig. 5). These splendid specimens throw up dozens of branch- ing inflorescences, the flower-heads being often 8 inches in diameter, while the individual blossoms are about half an inch across. There is considerable variation in the colour of the flowers. In the best variety they are of a uniform blue, but in others they are deep blue

SOTIDIUM NOBILE FLOWERING IN MR. JOHN D. ENVs' GARDEN, CORN\V.^LL.

3 feet from the ground has a girth of 23 feet ; at 10 feet from the ground it throws out some seven or eight gigantic arms or branches. The diameter of the spread of the branches both north and south and east and west is 108 feet. A thousand persons could easily find seats be- neath its ample branches. Close by is an aged but Common English Oak, which carries a good- sized cluster of Mistletoe. This parasite is not common on the Oak, and there seem to be but few specimens in the kingdom similarly infested. A. D.

MYOSOTIDIUM NOBILE.

This splendid plant, generally known as the New Zealand Forget-me-not, is a native of Chatham Island. It is only in the south- western counties that the Myosotidium can be successfully grown in the open air, glass-culture being indispensable in the colder districts. It was introduced into this country in 1858, and first described in the Botanical Magazine in 1859, but for many years was treated solely as a greenhouse plant. Mr. John D. Enys, of Enys, in Cornwall, was the

in the centre fading to white at the edge. At Enys a pure white form is also grown. In its native haunts the Myosotidium grows on the sea beach just above high water mark, in the sand forming the shore and close enough to the waves to receive many a scattering of wind-swept spray. At Enys there is a painting showing the M\'oso- tidium growing in its native habitat at Chatham Island and margining the sea beach with a line of deep blue. Mr. Enys states that of late vears it has suffered much from cattle, and is being rapidly exterminated in its island home. The fact that it there grows in sea sand has led to this being used extensively in its cul- ture in this country. In some cases only a heavy mulch is given over a subsoil of porous compost, but at Menabilly, where it is certainly as well grown as in any other garden, a large hole is made in the ground, a cart is sent down to the beach and filled with sand and this is emptied into the hole, the Myosotidium being then planted in it. At Menabilly the plants are grown immediately in front of high walls facing in various directions, and apparently they like a full southern exposure least. In such a site, on scorching summer days, the radiation from the

wall is intense and the leaves will often flag badly. At Enys a plantation has been made beneath a north wall, and it was looking very promising this spring. When making growth the Myosotidium requires a copious water supply. It is fairly hardy, and in a Devon garden has stood 10° of frost unprotected with- put being harmed. It is generally at its best about the middle of May, and a large group in full bloom at that time presents a glorious picture. S. W. IPitzherbcrt.

FLOWERS OF SPENSER.

(Coutinurd from p. 393.) BAY.

1. To win a willow bough, whitest other

weares the Bay. F.Q., IV. i. 4j.

2. The Muses that were wont greene bayes

to weare.

Shephcards Calender, November, 14^.

3. Bay leaves betweene. . .

Bene they not Bay-braunches which they doe beare?

Shephcards Calender, April, 104.

4. And by the bay, which I unto her gave, Accomts myself her captive quite forlorne.

Amoretti, Son. 2().

5. Compard with Mirtle and the Bay.

An Elegy, ', iS. The Bay is a South European plant, but was known to English writers from very early limes. " Bay trees are cOinune in gar- denes in the South parte of Englande " (Turner, 157S). But by nearly all the writers of the si.xtecnth century it is only spoken of as the crown of conquerors, and so it easily came to be spoken of as a synonym of victor}'. The English name is very ancient, but its descent from the Latin bacca (berry) is easily traced.

BKKCII.

The warlike Beech. F.Q-, I. i. 9.

The Beech is more or less native all over Europe and V\'estern Asia. Its English name in the eighth century was beocc, which before long took its present form of IJcech. I can- not explain the epithet " warlike."

BELLAMOURES.

Her snowy browes, like budded BellamDures. Amoretti, 64.

Spenser uses the same word in F.O., II. vi. 16.

Lo€ ! loe, how brave she decks her boun- teous boure Therein to shrowd her sumptuous Bela- moure,

but it is very doubtful whether he is speaking of the flower or Nature. The plant has not been identified, and I think it probable that Spenser meant no flower in particular, but more generally any favourite and beautiful llower.

BIRCH.

1. The Birch for shafts.

F.Q., I.

J,. as a swarme

Of fives upon a birchen bough doth cluster. F.Q., V. xi. sS.

Common throughout Europe, and bearing its present English name from the earliest times.

BOX.

And Box yet mindful of his olde offence. Virgils Gnat, $$■

Though a British tree, the Box seems never to have had a true British name, but to have kept one derived from the Latin Buxus. I have never seen a satisfactory explanation of " his olde offence," but suppose it to refer to the legend that the Box was one of the woods from which the Cross was made.

July 4,

THE GARDENERS CHRONICLE.

BRAMBLE.

1. The bush iriy b'ed, the bramble was my

bowre.

Sliefheards Calender, December, 65.

2. Of all the seede that in my youthe was

sowne Was none but braltes and brambles to be mowne. i^- ^^3-

3. The Bramble bush, where byrdes of e\-€ry

kinde To the walers fall t^eir tunes attemper right. ■ /*. June 7.

3. All in the shadowe of a bushye Brere.

Shepheards Calender, Deccjnher 2.

The sweete-breare in the first passage is, of course, our common Sweet Briar ; but in the second passage Spenser uses Briar, as all the early writers did, for any Rose-bush, keeping- the word Rose for the flower. This was Shakespeare's use of the word, as " in colour like the red rose on triumphant Briar," " from off this Bfiar pluck a white Rose with me."

BULRUSHES.

To make fine cages for the nightingale And Baskets of bulrushes was my wont. Shepheqrds Ca/fnder, December, -jg.

CALAMINT.-

And the flowre .... of calamint and dill. F.Q., III. a. 4g.

The name is simply the Anglicised form of the Latin calaminta, which again is the Latinised form of the Greek KaXainiudo^

Fig. 6. — myosotidium nobile : floweks blue.

Spenser's Bramble is not our Blackberry only, but is the general word for all rough, wild, and especially prickly bushes.

PRIAR.

1. Yet both in flowres doe live, and love thee

beare. The one a Paunce, the other a sweetc- b;<ea»e. F-Q-, JH- -i/'- v-

2. Youngthes folke now flocken in every whece To gather May Buskets iind smelling Brere.

Shepheards Calender, May.

BROOM.

L The whyles their beasts there in the buddjd broomes Beside them fed, and nipt the tender bloomes. F.Q., VI. ix. 5.

2. Sweet is the Broome-flovvre but yet sowre enough. ArMrelti, Son. XXVI.

Our beautiful Broom was a special favour- ite with all the poets who wrote about sJicp- herds; but it needs no comment.

i.e., beautiful Mint. The name shows its high reputation among the Greeks and Romans, and it was as much valued by the old English herbalists. Parkinsoji said of it that it was so named because " the smelt thereof is so excellent that it is fit for a king's house." It was supposed to be a certaia remedy against snake bite, but it is now little thought ci in comparison with its near ally the true Mint.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 4, 1908.

CAMOMILE.

Breathfull Camomill.

Muiopoimos, XXVI.

Though the plant has its old Greek name it is a true native, and no plant was more in favour with the old herbalists : "it de- lights the mind and brings health to the body," said Lawson : and the moralists were fond of using it as the emblem of the e.x- cellence of patience. " The more it is trodden on the faster it grows," said Falstaff. (To be continued.)

The Week's Work.

FEUITS UNDER GLASS.

Mid-stason Peaches. — In gardens where large houses have been planted with carefully- selected varieties to ripen in succession to each other, a supply of ripe fruits can be obtained over a very long period. Discontinue syringing a tree as soon' as its fruits commence to ripen, and carefully examine ripening fruits everv evening in order to 'gather those that are fit. " If this is attended to by an experienced man, there will be no need for suspending nets beneath the trees to catch fallen fruits. Com- mence to syringe the trees again directly all the fruit has been gathered, applying the water with sufficient force to dislodge red spider and thoroughly cleanse the foliage from dust. Thin out the wood also, retaining those shoots best suited to furnish the trees and produce fruit next season. Thoroughly water out-door and in-door borders, and occasionally, until their leaves fall, apply some manurial stimulant to those trees that have yielded heavy crops of fruit.

Strawberries. — There should be no further de- lay in shifting young layered plants into the pots in which they will fruit. These may vary from 5J inches to 7 inches ia diameter, the smaller pots being convenient for the plants which will be forced earliest. The pots should be thoroughly cleansed, have a piece oi _ le wire gauze placed at the base of each to ex- clude earth worms, and a suitable quantity of drainage material added. A compost consist- ing of three barrowloads of tolerably heavy loam, one barrowload of dry and well-broken, horse-droppings, and an 8-inch potful of soot will answer admirably, and it should be used in a moderately dry and fine condition. Ram the soil well round the roots with a wooden rammer, but not to such an extent that the water will be unable to percolate through it. When the process of potting is com- pleted, place the pots closely together upon a bed of ashes in an exposed position for a week or two so that they may shade each other from powerful sunshine until the roots again become active, when they may be spaced out to prevent overcrowding. .Spray the plants overhead in the morning and evening during fine weather, remove from them any runners as soon as they appear, and give frequent attention to watering.

Scalding of> Grapes. — Even in the best-con- structed houses some varieties of Grapes, in- cluding Lady Downe's Seedling, are liable to become scalded in the presence of strong suTi- shine; but in smaller, imperfectly-ventilated houses it is the more difficult to prevent this evil. The mischief usually takes place during the time the fruits are forming their stones, and means should be taken to prevent moisture from condensing on the berries. This may be done by keeping the water pipes well warmed, and the houses slightly ventilated at night, increas- ing the ventilation early in the morning, so that the atmosphere and the berries will become \\'arm at the same time. In certain cases it may be necessary to afford slight shade by the use of such material as fish netting.

Fig trees in borders that have ripened their first crop of fruit may, provided they are healthy, and have during the time the first crop was maturing made firm wood, be allowed to develop a small second crop. Thin the fruits early, and thor- oughly cleanse the trees as recommended for pot

Fig trees, but the preparation should not be used at so great a strength as is ad- vised for trees that have finished fruit- ing. Clear away exhausted mulchings, and re- place them with decayed manure. Keep the trees well supplied with diluted liquid manures, or artificial fertilisers. Syringe the trees freely in the morning and again at closing time. Ven- tilate the house early in the day, and maintain a moist, warm atmosphere while the fruits are swelling. ^Vhen the Figs commence to ripen, ex- pose them to full sunlight and ventilate the house more freely ; keep the atmosphere dry, but warm.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

Cattleyas and Lalias. — There is not a month in the year in which the flowers of these most important and beautiful Orchids may not be enjoyed, and amongst the late spring and early summer-flowering species and hybrids are some of the most gorgeous llowering kinds. Plants that have flowered, and have since enjoyed a period of rest, are now show-ing signs of fresh growth. The condition of these plants at the roots should be ascertained, and if any are in need of fresh rooting material the operation should be carried out ere the new roots and growths have greatly advanced, thus avoiding injury to the plants. Healthy plants should be repotted with as little root disturbance as is possible, but any having decaying material about their roots should have all the old com- post shaken from them, cutting all dead roots away and removing old and useless pseudo-bulbs. Good and ample drainage material is essen- tial for these Orchids, and in the case of large pots to accommodate strong rooting kinds, or extra large plants, a small pot should be in- verted over the drainage hole, filling up to and around it with potsherds and lumps of char- coal. In repotting, keep the main growths as near to the centre of the receptacle as is possible, employing a similar compost to that previously advised for Cattleyas. Make the soil firm about the roots.' For such robust- growing members as Laelia purpurata, L. tene- brosa and their progeny, use the rougher of the potting compost with a good admixture of broken crocks and charcoal. This admits of large quantities of water being given, for the plants will need much moisture during, their period of active growth. The pseudo-bulbs should be firmly secured to stakes until the new roots form a natural support.

Late summer and autumn--floivering Cattleyas. — Cattleya superba,' C. Gaskelliana, C. gigas, C. aurea, C. labiata, C. Harrisonias and their hybrids, C. Lord Rothschild, C. mollis, C. A.shtoniana, C. Pittiana, C. Cleopatra, C. Macaenas, C. Fabia, C. Hardyana, &c., are all now growing freely, and some are forming their pseudo-bulbs. From this stage the plants will enjoy a liberal treatment, and they should be given a position in the house where they may have the full benefit of light and air. The majority of the plants' named produce their flower-spikes ere the season's growths are com- pleted, therefore no stint of water at the roots must occur until the new pseudo-bulbs are fully matured.

Liclia Digbyana. — Plants of this distinct species are now flowering in the Cattleya house. Shortly after the flowers are removed, the last formed pseudo-bulbs emit new roots from their bases, and before this takes places any necessary repotting should be done. As these plants are best grown suspended from the roof-rafters, pans are. the most suitable receptacles. These should not l>e over-large, as the best results are attained when the roots are confined ; the drainage must be ample, and the potting materials moderate in quantity. Newly-potted plants require careful watering, only just suffi- cient water to maintain the new materials in a moist condition being necessary. When re- established, treat them in the same manner as those plants which have not been disturbed at the roots, viz., suspend them together in the lightest position of the Cattleya house, and afford them a long period of rest, during which time water sufficient only to keep the pseudo- bulbs from shrivelling and t'ne roots in a healthy state is needed.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Watering and mulching. — The timely watering of borders in which Apricot, Peach, Pear, and other fruit trees are planted is of the highest importance, and the trouble is well repaid in the improved quality of the fruit, extra vigour in the foliage, and healthier conditions in the tree generally. In many parts of the country the rainfall has been inadequate for fruit trees, especially in the case of those grosving in borders which are very freely drained. The timely mulching of the trees, as was recom- mended in the Calendar for May 30, will do much to conserve the moisture in the soil, but even when a layer of manure has been rpplied to the surface of the soil, attention must be given to watering, for on no account must the roots be allowed to become dry when the fruits are swelling and the stones of stone fruits form- ing. Apricot trees especially are affected by drought, and on no account should they lack moisture at this stage. Diluted liquid manure should be given to any trees that require a stimulant, and to such as are carrying heavy crops of fruit. The liquid manure should be given alternately with the ordinarjf watering. If liquid manure is not available, a small dress- ing of some artificial manure will form a good substitute. Avoid overcropping the trees, as nothing is gained thereby, and the trees are sure to suffer later if their energies are overtaxed. Newly-planted trees, and especially those that were planted late this spring, will require at- tention, particularly in affording moisture at their roots. Liquid manure should not be given in the case of young and newly-planted trees which are growing satisfactorily, as it will only tend to make them develop extra vigorous growths, and coarseness of wood is not condu- cive to fruitfulness. Stir the surface of the soil with a fork in all cases before applying a mulch or water to the roots.

Summer pruning. — Continue to secure and regulate the shoots of Peaches, Nectarines, Pears, etc., according to the system of training adopted. At the same time thin the fruits, leaving only the centre one in each cluster. Large culinary varieties of Apples, such as Bismarck, Bramley's Seedling, Gascoyne's Scar- let Seedling, and Peasgood's Nonsuch should have their fruits thinned freely ; in fact, all \arieties of Apple are improved by judicious thinning when the fruits have set too thickly. On the evenings of fine, dry days, with the gar- den engine or hose thoroughly wash all dirt and traces of insects from the shoots as soon as they have been regulated and tied. Occa- sitmally an insecticide should be applied to the foliage. .Summer pruning must be practised in the case of all fruit trees, not only those grow- ing against walls and espaliers, but also pyra- mid, bush, and other trees, as the young, lateral growths not only rob them of nourishment, but also exclude light and air from the fruit buds on the spur shoots.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

Weeds. — Every opportunity should be taken to clear the ground of weeds, which must never be allowed to develop their seeds. The garden fire should now be kept going regularly, for it is better to burn weeds and other rubbish than to allow it to remain about the garden. The ashes form a valuable material for dressing the soil.

Watering and hoeing. — Land that has been deeply worked and well enriched with manure will suffer little from drought, especially if mulchings have been applied, as previously ad- vised. "When watering is necessary it should be done thoroughly, and the work should be jierformed as far as practicable during the late afternoon or evening. The stirring of the soil bv means of the hoe is a most valuable opera- tion, not only as a means of destroying v.eeds, but also for conserving the moisture in the soil during seasons of drought. The Dutch or the draw hoe may be used, and they are alike valu- able on both heavy and light soils at this sea-

July i.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Cauliflowers. — A supply of these vegetables is valued for as long a season as it is possible to get them, a.nd fortunately there are so many good varieties that, with frequent sowings, this veg>etable can now be had during eight or nine months of the year. Frequent small plantings of the variety Autumn Giant should now be made in various parts of the garden ; the latest plants will be valuable for lifting aad trans- planting into cold frames, and these will furnish excellent heads at Christmas and well into the New Year. Autumn-sown plants are now rapidly becoming fit for use : the heads should be well covered, either by tying the leaves together or placing some spare leaves over them. The supply of this vegetable may be prolonged if the roots are kept cool by mulchings and abundant waterings. When any plants are de- veloping their heads faster than required, lift them and place them in a cool room or cellar, where, if hung up by their roots and slightly damped occasionally, they will keep in good condition for many days together. Examine successional batches, and remove any which are "blind" or otherwise useless, and fill the vacancies with fresh plants, giving these latter a little fresh soil.

Endive may now be sown extensively, and without fear of the plants flowering prematurely. The ground for Endives should be well manured and deeply worked. The round-le-aved Batavian variety is the one most generally planted, and this is valuable not only for cooking purposes, but also for use as a salad ; small quantities of the curled kind should also be sown.

Lettuce. — Continue to transplant the seedlings as soon as the second leaf is formed. Eettuces succeed at this season in positions of partial shade. Sow small quantities of seeds of both the Cos and Cabbage varieties at intervals of about ten days or a fortnight.

Parsley- — Two or three sowings of Parsley should be made during the next six weeks. Parsley is always required in the kitchen, and a good supply of this herb should be provided. The last sowing should be made i n a cold frame.

Carrots. — Sow seeds of the stump-rooted varie- ties at intervals during the next few weeks in portable frames on old hotbeds. These young Carrots are generally preferred to large fully- matured roots.

Radishes. — Seeds should be sown at intervals of 10 days in small quantities in the most shaded parts of the garden. Protect the seeds from birds, and give plenty of water to induce a quick growth, which is essential if the roots are to be of good quality. Shallots and Garlic should be lifted and placed in the sun to be- come thoroughly dry before they are stored.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. Fype, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Lockinge Park, Berkshire.

Carnations. — Seedlings of the Marguerite Car- nation that were raised from seeds sown in gentle heat in the early spring will now be at their flowering stage, and the flower-spikes will need supporting with neat stakes, as will also those of older plants. Later-raised seedlings, if not already transplanted should now be placed in their flowering quarters. A sheltered bed or warm border forms a suitable spot for these flowers, and the soil should be enriched with some fresh loam and a sprinkling of soot. Dis- turb the roots as little as possible in the plant- ing, which should be done firmly, and after they have been well watered place about them some leaf-soil to act as a mulching. These seedling Carnations flower as a rule so freely that it is difficult to procure suitable shoots for cuttings. If extra large flowers are desired reduce the number of flowers on each spike, while some of the inflorescences may be wholly removed where they are very plentiful. Some of the stronger growths may be layered at this time. These will soon form fine, strong plants.

Pinks. — Although these plants will continue flowering freely for several years, by far the best flowers are obtained from young plants. Fresh beds should, therefore, be made each year, and the old plants destroyed. The present is a suitable time for inserting the cuttings, which, as a rule, root freely in unhealed frames under the shade of a wall. If a gentle bottom heat is

provided greater success in rooting is obtained. With a twist sever the cuttings from the old plants, trim them, and place them firmly in the soil 2 inches apart : they may be rooted either in pots, pans, boxes or in the frame itself. After they are inserted and suitably watered, the frames or handlights in which they are placed should be kept closed and shaded pntil the cut- tings are rooted, after which an abundance of ventilation may be afforded them.

Budding Roses. — The bark of the more forward stocks will now run freely, and if the buds are sufficiently plump, these also will be in a suit- able condition for inserting. Budding may be practised during the whole of July and August ; it often happens that late-inserted buds .are the most successful, because the buds remain dor- mant all the winter. If the buds are inserted during hot, dry weather, the stocks should first receive a good soaking of water at their roots, and the plants from which the buds will be taken should also be given moisture a few r.ights previous to the operation. The method of bud- ding usually practised is known as T budding, because the stock is cut in this shape. The buds should have the wood removed at the back, and a portion of the leaf-stock should be left to form a handle for inserting the bud, which should be carefully, but not too tightly, bound with matting that should be wetted before it is used. In about one month, if the operation is successful, the buds will begin to swell. An almost sure sign that a union is effected is when the portion of the petiole below the bud drops after a week or so, on being lightly touched.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By Thomas Lunt, Gardener to A. Stirling, Esq., Keir, Perthshire, N.B.

Roses in pots. — Plants intended for early fore, ing should now be placed otat-of-doors in a position full}' exposed to tfie sun, where they will ripen their shoots. As soon as they have ceased to make growth water should be very sparingly afforded, and later the pots should be placed on their sides, so that the roots will re- ceive no moisture for some time before the plants are repotted. About the middle of Sep- tember the shoots should be pruned, and the plants removed from the pots, the old soil shaken from the root^, and afterwards repotted in rich loam, which, if very heavy in texture, should have mixed with it a quantity of sand or old lime rubble. Some finely-crushed bones should be mixed with the soil in any case. After potting, place the plants in an unhealed frame. Water them once, and afterwards keep them al- most dry at the roots until the time tor forcing arrives, when they should be given a good soak- ing with tepid water on being placed in the forcing house.

Se/iizaiit/iiis. — Seedlings intended for flowering at the ordinary time, and which have been trans- planted into small pots, will now be ready for shifting into 4 or 5-inch pots. Place them in an unheated frame close to the glass, which should be shaded during bright sunshine. The potting compost should consist of rich loam mixed with leaf-mould, wood ashes, and, sufBcient sand to keep the whole porous ; if the loam is not of a rich nature, add a small quantity of bone-meal. The potting should be done moderately firmly.

Coleiis tliyrsoideus. — Young plants that were rooted last month will now be ready for shifting into 6-inch pots. A similar compost as I have re- commended for Schizanthus should be used, and the plants may be placed close to the glass in a frame, but no fire heat will be needed. Pinch out the growing points twice during the season, in order to promote a bushy habit. In the process of potting ram the soil moderately firm. A later batch of cuttings may now be inserted ; they should be placed five in a pot. Pinching will not be necessary in these later- raised plants, for the flower-spikes will appear earlier than if they were stopped.

Salvia splendens. — Young plants, recently r«iised from cuttings, should now be potted into 6-inch pots, and placed on a bed of ashes in an unheated frame. The foliage should be well syringed with water and the ashes kept moist, otherwise red spider will be troublesome. A little soot may be mixed in the water used for syringing, as this will be helpful in preventing insect attacks, but such soot water should only be used in the evening.

Efacris. — Plants that have been repotted, and that are now growing freely, should be placed in a frame. They should be lightly shaded dur- ing the brightest part of the day, until the growths have become hardened, after which they may be fully exposed to sunshine. Syringe the plants, morning and evening, during bright weather, but exercise great care in affording moisture at the roots, and always use soft or rain-water, which is essential for all liard- wooded plants.

Heaths (Ericas). — Most kinds will now suc- ceed better in the open garden than indoors. The pots should be stood on a base of ashes, and they should be examined three times daily dur- ing dry weather as to their requirements for water, for Ericas must never be allowed to be- come dry at the roots. They may be prevented from blowing over by placing three stakes at right angles around the sides of the pots.

THE APIARY.

By Chloris.

Bees and water. — If a sufficient supply of water is not at hand, it must be provided by the Apiarist, or breeding may be seriously retarded and the honey harvest suffer. If there is not a pure supply of water, bees are often to be seen in most undesirable places procuring the needful moisture. Only the other evening I was reminded of this fact when a cottager asked me to look at his pig, and near the sty where the drainage water was, there were hundreds of hive bees procuring their supply from this contami- nated source, and such water cannot be con- ducive to the good health of any colony. The question naturally arises : How can such a defect be remedied? Take any ordinary earthen vessel and fill it with stones 3 or 4 inches in diameter, and each night, after the bees have completed the day's work, fill the vessel with water, and the bees having a good foothold will be able to follow the water down to the very bottom.

Excluding zinc. — Some bee-keepers make ex- periments with this, and if by omitting to use it one year the queen does not use the super for the 'purpose of brood rearing, then they rush to the erroneous conclusion that it may always be omitted with safety. A novice was told to omit the zinc under-sections, as the queen never used them. When the colony was examined there was not a section free from brood. The same result was found in the case of some shallow frames not separated from the brood chamber by queen excluding zinc. This ingenious device was invented expressly to prevent the occurrence of these catastrophes, and it should be used.

Queens and dwindling stacks. — A beginner, in his desire to obtain a good honey surplus, cuts out the queen cells to prevent swarms, perhaps two years or more in succession, and is then surprised that his stock dwindles, although there is a queen present and in a laying state. The cause of this is not far to seek. Under natural conditions, or in the hands of a skilled bee- keeper, this queen would have been superseded by another and younger queen, therefore the remedy is to re-queen after the second season.

Young queen being cast out. — This has caused considerable anxiety in some parts during the cold days in May and June, and many bee- keepers are at a loss to account for it. There can be little doubt that the young queens became chilled during the cold nights, when the cluster contracted, leaving the queen cells, which are generally at the lower part of the combs, uncovered, and as a result the bees were aborted in some way and cast out by the workers. With genial and more seasonable weather this will cease.

Foundation. — When full sheets of foundation are used, they must be secured by waxing them in with molten wax, and it is better to wire them. It is not wise to place too many quilts on the top bars ; for 24 hours a slight covering only of one quilt is necessary during hot weather. In all cases where the foundation breaks down from the top bar, it must be at once removed and retixed in the manner indicated.

Wax moth. — All combs not in use, and hives, too, should be placed in a closed-up room, and then the formalin lamp lighted and the whole well fumigated for about 48 hours. This will kill all larvae of the wax moth.

10

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[JULV 4,

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUB- LISHER, 41, Wellingtun Street, Covent Garden. W.C.

letters for Publication, as well as specimens of plants /or namnig, shoiihl be addressed to the EDITOR, 41. Wellington Street. Covent Garden, London.

Coinnntnicaiioiis should be written on one side only of THR PAPER, settt as early in the iveek as possible and duly signed by the writer. I/desired, the signature will not be printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Special Notice to Correspondents.— T/ie Editor does not inuleitabe to pay for any contributions or illustrations, or to return umtsed coimuunicatious or illustrations, unless by special arrangement. The Editor does not hold himself } esponsible for any opinions expressed by his correspondents.

■Illiistrations.- T;ie Editor will be glad to receive andto select photographs or drawi7igs, suitable for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable plants, Jlowers, trees, &c., but he cannot be responsible for lossor injury.

T^evi spaj)ers.—Correspotu1ents sendijtg newspapers should be (aiejnlto mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see.

Local Ti^w 3.— Correspondents will greatly oblige by sending to the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be 0) interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is desirable to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

TUESDAY, JULY 7-

Roy. Hon. Soc. Summer Exh. at Holland Park (2 days). Wolverhampton I'loral F5te (3 days). Nal. Amateur Gard. Assoc, meet. Bath Rose Sh. (2 days).

WEDNESDAY, JULY 8-Croydon Flower Sh.

KHAGE Mean Tempf.raturi! for the ensuinR week, deduced from observations during the last Fifty Years at Greenwich-62-4°. •ifAL Temperatures :- LosDou.— Werimsday, July 1 (6 P.M.); Max. 78°; Min. 64". Gardeners' Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street. Covent Garden. London —TIninUiiy, July 2 (10 A.M.) : Bar. 30'3 ; Temp. 78" ; Weallicr— Bright sunshine

SALES FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

WEDNESDAY—

The new Dendrobiuin regiuni just to hand, also a grand new free-growing and flowering Orchid, Established Orchids, &c., at 67 Sc 68, Cheapside, E.C., by Protberoe & Morris, at 2.

The need of this Charity for "^^^^ increased support was again

Gardeners^ r -ui ■ ^ i .. * *i

Benevolent, forcibly pointed out at the sixty-ninth anniversary dinner that toolc place on tlie 24th ult. In Ills speech to the toast of " the Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution," Lx>rd Aldenham, who occupied the chair on this occasion, stated that the annual expenditure necessary, for the maintenance of the 231 pensioners now on the funds is about ;^4,ooo, and that the assured income amounts only to ;6i.500i leaving therefore a balance of ;£2,5oo to be raised by voluntary subscriptions. Most of our readers .are already aware of these circumstances, but we make no apology for restating them, be- cause it is imperative that their importance shall be thoroughly understood and appre- ciated. There are also other facts that must be considered with the figures already cited, and Mr. Harry J. Veitch who, as treasurer and chairman of the Executive Committee, ihas devoted enthusiastic work in aid of the Institution for so many years, very appro- ipriately directed attention to them.

The sum of ;£J'4,ooo is needed to support the pensioners who already obtain their means of subsistence from the Institution, but how much additional help is needed can be approximately estimated by the knowledge that at each annual election it is only possible to elect about one-half the number of deserv- ing applicants. Thirty candidates failed in their appeal for support at the last election, and if it is found impossible to elect a larger number of new applicants each vear in the future than at present, many of these may have to wait three years before they are suc- cessful. It is true that there is the Victoria Era Fund, which assisted 22 cases last year, and also the Good Samaritan Fund, which assisted in 33 cases last year — the former affording help to candidates awaiting election who have been subscribers to the Institution, whilst the latter assists applicants who have never themselves contributed. An infinite amount of good is done by these means, but, valuable as these funds are, they are in- capable of affording the assistance to the candidates that would be forthcoming if the incoiTie of the Institution permitted of their election as pensioners without having to wait for so long a period.

Lord .'\ldenham reminded his hearers of some of the principal events in the history of the Institution, how it was established nearly seventy years ago, and how in 1879 our present King became President and re- mained In that office until his succession to the throne, when he was succeeded by the Prince of Wales. Mis Majesty himself be- came a generous patron. Every year some in- lluentlal nobleman or gentleman has pleaded the claim of the Institution at the festival dinners, and the general management and administration of the funds have been so per- fect as to commend the Charity to all who have taken any trouble to enquire into the details.

Last week there was instituted in the City of London an association of subscribers to charitable institutions, which has been ren- dered necessary by circumstances — such as overlapping, connected with the management of certain organisations. There is no over- lapping in this case ; the expenses of management are kept as low as possible, and they are more than covered by interests derived from invested funds.

Since its establishment a sum of nearly ^^122,000 has been distributed to necessitous gardeners or their widows, and how much suffering must this have prevented or miti- gated !

.Mthough maintaining ils character as a benevolent institution, the rules so far en- courage thrift that for every pound contri- buted to the funds a subscriber is given 100 votes in the event of his having to apply for relief. This has the effect of placing the sub- scriber in a much more favourable position than those who have failed to contribute ; and, as a matter of fact, if he has paid sub- scriptions for a few years it makes his ulti- mate election certain.

Mr. Veitch referred to the unsectarlan char- acter of the Institution. No enquiries are made as to a candidate's religion, but strict investigation as to his moral character is in- sisted upon. An applicant must not have an assured income of more than £:io a year.

and, as Mr. Veitch said, many of the pen- sioners possess nothing at all beyond' the"' assistance the Institution is able to afford them. The committee consists of thirty-six members, one-third of whom are always com- posed of practical gardeners, the remaining two-thirds being made up of amateurs and others connected in various ways with horti- culture. At present there are three pensioners over 90 years of age, and 53 between 80 and 90 years. The oldest is a widow aged 95. She has been on the funds for a period of 22 years. .\nother widow is the person who has been a pensioner for the longest period, and she succeeded her husband, who during his life contributed about ;^2o to the Institution.

In addition to the contributions from annual subscribers, the Institution receives financial help from various sources, some of which were pointed out by Mr. Veitch, who particularly mentioned Mr. N. N. Sherwood, whose presence at this event everyone was pleased to note as indicating recovery from a very long period of indisposition. Thanks were accorded to Mary Countess of Ilchester for her kindness in throwing open the Hol- land House Gardens on the occasion of the .annual exhibition in the park ; also to Sir l-'rank Crisp and Lord Beauchamp for sums obtained from visitors to their gardens; to the George Monro Concert Committee and the local Auxiliaries. In this connection we c;innot help thinking that very much more might be done to raise money at the competi- tive exhibitions that are held in every part of the country, and especially at some of the principal ones where considerable sums are made every year by means of horticultural ex- hibits, should the committees fee! themselves in duty bound to subscribe to the gardening charities. Some of them recognise this duty in a liberal spirit, but in a case upon which we remarked on page 403, whilst a sum of ;^2,682 had been given to various charities bv a gala committee, only ;£^62 los. was listed •IS contributed to the " Gardeners' Orphan l'"und. Sec." But it appears that the exact sum the Orphan Fund has received from that source is ;^5, whilst the Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution has received nothing !

We earnestly ask all to remember Mr. Veitch 's words when speaking of losses the Institution sustains by death. Circumstances change very rapidly in these days, but the widow and the necessitous are always with us. Shall they appeal in vain? If the Gar- deners' Royal Benevolent Institution should unfortunately fail in the work it is now doing, many gardeners and gardeners' widows would have to seek an asylum in the work- house. We are perfectly sure that all who have horticultural sympathies will refuse to entertain such a possibility. To prevent this, everyone must do what in his power lies to increase the income of the Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution.

We were able to announce in our last issue ihe sum raised in connection with the dinner amounted to a little over ;£'2,ooo. It only remains for us to remark that pleasant fea- tures of that meeting were the presence of several gentleiuen from New Zealand and .Australia, and a sympathetic and complimen- tary speech delivered by Mons. Vig^r, Presi- dent of the Soci<5t^ Nationale d'Horticulture de France.

Jvi-y 4, 1908.;

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

11

The researches of Sir John Kirlc Zanzibar ;,-, Eastern tropical Africa, both or c'orml. during the time he was attached to the Livingstone expedition tind during his official residence in Zanzibar, resulted in many discoveries proving the sources of some of the most important economic products of that part of the African Continent, and not the least among these was the clearing up of the doubts that had pre- viously existed as to the source of Zanzibar ■Copal or Anime, not only by specimens of the plants themselves, but also by the careful collecting of a series of specimens of the fossil and recently-formed resins, many of which ■contained well-preserved examples of leaves and flowers of the tree producing them, the exuding resin having in its soft state enclosed the leaves and flowers, and finally, on liardening, preserved them in the most per- fect condition. From these, and other sources of proof, it became clear that Zanzibar Anime or Copal was yielded by Trachylobium Hornemannianum, and further that the best quality of the so-called gum was that which was found deposited in the ground where the trees themselves no longer existed, and where (he resin had become semi-fossilized. Under the commercial name of Anime, this resin IS the most valuable and most important of all the resins used in the making of varnish, the best of the hard varnishes, such as are used for carriage panels, being made from it, and often realising in its raw state as much as ^'400 per ton.

.\s an illustration of the extent to which all |jarts of the trees are charged with the resin, it may be stated that the fruits or pods are covered with numerous tubercles, W'hich, in the dried specimens, are found to be composed of solid masses of resin. Hitherto no atten- tion has been paid to these fruits as a source of Copal, but in an article recently published in Germany on the Copal trade in German East Africa it is stated that the fossil resin, which was formerly collected on a large scale bv the native population, has, since the sup- pression of the slave trade, been entirely neg- lected, with the result that there is; a scarcity of this kind of Copal. A patented Ijrocess has, however, been established for extracting the Copal from the fruits, which is said to amount to 23 per cent, and to be of an exceedingly good quality for the manufac- ture of hard out-door varnish.

Our Supplementary Illustration shows a tree of Catalpa bignonioides in flower in Lt.- Col. HoLFORn's garden at Westonbirt, Glouces- tershire. This beautiful American tree is fairly common in favourable localities in this country, but it is not frequently seen in profuse flower, the blooming depending in a great measure upon the weather of the previous summer and autumn and the absence of severe spring frosts. Still less frequently is it seen in fruit, but the speci- men under notice was laden with its seed pods after the flowers had fallen. Catalpa bignon- ioides was introduced into this country in 1728, and one of the oldest specimens was, and per- haps is still, to be found in the gardens of Gray's Inn, in the City of London. The tree is little affected by the smoke and other dele- terious matter present in the atmosphere of large towns, and for this reason, as it is so handsome when in Ifiaf, it is one of our best town trees, but its claims to recognition in

this respect have been neglected, for it is not nearly so often used for street planting as it might be. The tree is a beautiful object when in flower ; we remember being greatly impressed with the specimen at the back of the Council Room in the old Chiswick Gardens on our first seeing it in bloom. For beauty the individual blossoms can rival a delicately tinted Orchid, but, then, all the flowers of the Bignoniaceae are handsome, although not many are hardy in this country. Catalpa bignonioides is found wild on the banks of the Ohio and Mississipi Rivers ; its timber is valued in those regions on account of its durability in the soil, which ren- ders it valuable for the. making of posts and railway ties.

Holland House Show.— The Royal Horti- cultural Society's summer exhibition will again be held this year in the beautiful grounds at- tached to Holland House, Kensington, by per- mission of Mary Countess of Ilchester. The exhibition will continue open for two days, viz., July 7 and 8, Tuesday and Wednesday. Amongst the prizes offered is the silver cup given by N. H. Sherwood, Esq., and this year offered for the best 24 bunches of Roses with their foliage, shown by an amateur. Although the summer exhibition of the R.H.S. does not rank in im- portance as equal to the Temple Flower Show, it is always a fine display, and the visitor can move about with comfort, for the sipace is ample. For this reason many persons may pre- fer to visit the Holland House shows rather than to endure the crowding and fatigue in- volved in a visit to the Temple.

Flowers in Season. - Flowers of Sarracenia purpurea and spilies of the Cotton Grass (Erio- phorum angustifolium) are sent us by Mr. \V. A. Cook from Sir Edmund Lodee's noted garden at Leonardslee, where the Sarracenia grows in large clumps in the open, and at this season flowers with freedom. The Cotton Sedge is a native species, its silken tassels, by means of which the fruits are dispersed, appearing like a tuft of cotton-wool ; it forms a pretty combination with the crimson flowers of the .Sarracenias. These latter plants flower regu- larly every season and ripen their seeds effec- tively and freely. The Drosera and the Pingui- cula also grow freely around these beds. Dar- lingtonias are in flower ; but these do not bloom with the same freedom as the Sarra- cenias, which have been established for a quar. ter of a century at Leonardslee, where many young plants have been raised and are flourish- ing. Hardy Cypripediums have flowered well, especially C. acaule.

The National Sweet Pea Society s

annual exhibition, of which the show this year will be the eighth, takes place on Friday, July 24, in the Royal Horticultural Hall, Westmin- ster. The date is the only one on which the hall is available from July 3, and although fears were entertained that it might prove late, especially for southern growers, the backward season has regulated things so that there is every prospect of another beautiful disp'ay of this increasingly popular flower being seen. The schedule is arranged to suit all classes of growers ; the prizes include many cups, in ad- dition to medals and money, and these trophies are fairly distributed through the various sec- tions into which the classes are divided. The hon. sec. is Mr. C. H. Curtis, .Adelaide Road, Brentford, Middlesex.

It was arranged that the members of this Society should visit Messrs. Doebie's Seed Farm at Marks Tey as soon as the Sweet Peas were in good bloom. Mr. Sherwood, sen., of Messrs. Hurst & Son, has expressed a wish that the members should also visit his grounds.

Arrangements have been made to visit both these establishments at the end of next week. Those desirous of joining the-party, and who have not already communicated with the hon. sec, are requested to do so immediatelv.

Railway Stations and Flowers.— Travel- lers in Belgium must have been struck, during the last 3'ear or two, by the improvement in- troduced into the railway stations by the floral '■ displays that meet the eye. It appears, accord- ing to a writer in La Tribune Horticolc, that the change is due to the efforts of a highly placed official of the Belgian Railways, and the co- operation of a member of the staff of the Botanic Gardens of Brussels has resulted in the issue to the station-masters of a booklet containing pre- cise information as to the selection and methods of culture of plants suitable for the purpose. The idea was first started in 1905, and this year about 600 station-masters are assisting in the efforts to brighten the stations with flowers. We in England have >long been accustomed to see many of our country stations tastefully deco- rated with flower borders, and several of the railway companies give every encouragement to their employees in this connection. It is an excellent practice, and one which everyone would wish to see more widely adopted.

Preservative Effect of Roadside Trees.

—In the American Florist we read that in answer to enquiries from the LInited State.s Consul- General Robert P. Skinner, of Marseilles, fur- nishes the following information relative to the effect of wayside trees on French roads : " It is proposed to plant trees along the roadsides of New York State in order to keep the moisture in the road and prevent ravelling, and the ques- tion has been raised whether or not the roots of such trees may spread out underneath the road surface and eventually create great damage in a severe climate where there are extremes of heat and cold. While French roads are not always bordered with shade trees, they are so very frequently, and my information is that the trees are planted not only for furnishing shade, but in order to protect the roads themselves against the effects of excessive heat and drought. It is believed that the long dry summer season is much more inimical to roads than severe cold. The chief officer in charge of the public roads in Marseilles is of the opinion that, on the whole. New York roads would be benefited if bordered with trees, suggesting, however, that only such should be planted as have vertically descending roots." F. BiROr, civil engineer and former conductor of the bureau of bridges and highways, expresses himself as follows on the subject : " In countries where the climate is damp, roadside trees are prejudicial to the main- tenance of, the highways, as they prevent the circulation of the air and the drying of the soil ; in most of the southern French regions such plantations are, on the other hand, very useful in dry weather, as they maintain the roadbed in a state of freshness favourable to its conservation. In general, trees should be selected with high, spreading branches, such as the 'Poplar, the Elm, and the Ash, and they should be planted generally upon the outer edge of the road-box and at distances of 10 metres (32.80 feet). Each tree should be placed in a hole 1 metre (3.28 feet) deep and li metres (4.92 feet) square, and should be trimmed to a height of % metres (8.20 feet) above the sur- face. The earth about newly-planted trees should be loosened in March and November — in March only after the third year — and thereafter until their permanent growth appears assured ; small trenches should be directed toward the foot of the tree, in order to secure the benefit of rains. Finally, the tree itself should be trimmed annually during the first 10 years."

12

THE GARDENERS CHRONICLE.

[July 4,

The Neill Medallist. — The Neill jjrize, under the late Dr. Patrick Neill's will, is a reward in the gift of the Royal Caledonian Hor- ticultural Society, awarded every second year to a distinguished Scottish botanist or cultivator, and this year it has been awarded to John H. WiLSO>i, D.Sc, F.R.S.E., Lecturer in Agricul- ture and Rural Economy at St. Andrews Uni- versity. Dr. Wilson could scarcely help having a bent for horticulture and botany, since he was brought up from his earliest days amongst plants. The profession of horticulture had many attractions for him, and in it, as well as the pursuit of field and garden botany, he got as good a grounding as any son of an enthusias- tic father could wish. On leaving home he spent a few years in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Edin- burgh. Laying aside the tools, he entered the botany classes of the University of Edinburgh, and had the satisfaction of finding himself 'before long fiist prizeman in the theoretical and practical classes. He then returned to his native city, St. Andrews, entered on a course of study for a science degree, and in due time graduated B.Sc. Shortly after graduating, he gave a course of lectures on botany in St. -\ndrews University, and the following session he was appointed as the first University Lecturer on botany there. In order to widen his botanical knowledge, he accepted an invitation to take charge of the herbarium in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, and having spent some time there he again entered the University of Edinburgh, his object being to improve the agri- cultural side of his education. He was ap- pointed Lecturer on Agriculture in the Univer- sity of St. Andrews in 1900. Immediately after being appointed, he made a journey across the United States to California, returning by Canada with the view of observing the methods followed in the teaching of agriculture and allied sub- jects in America. On his return he set about instituting long-delayed experiments in hybridi- sation of farm plants, and this work has gone on continuously ever since.

Chinese Viticulture Apart from being

the centre of fruit culture in China, the pro- vince of Shantung produces large quantities of fine Grapes, and promises soon to become a very important wine-making district. In the neigh- bourhood of Tsingtan, mainly on the southern slopes of the Laushan Mountains, many Grapes are grown for the fruit only. Large quantities are now sent to Shanghai and other places annually, a variety closely resembling the Cali- fornian " tokay " predominating. White Grapes are also grown, a sort of " sweetwater," and a kind called " jSlarcobriinner " being the most common, but blue and black Grapes are not found. Apparently no attempt to produce wine has been made here, but in North-Eastern Shan- tiing, the industry has. made some progress, according to the American Vice-Consul of Tsingtan. On the hills surrounding that city are many terraced vineyards, and an extensive wine- making establishment has been in operation for years. It is stated that white wines and red wines, and champagnes of many varieties are made, but none of the products have yet been placed on the market. Concerning the wine- making establishment at Chefoo, a wealthy Chinaman, about 10 j'ears ago, conceived the idea of cultivating Grapes in China for the purpose of an extensive wine trade. Land was bought on the hills near Chefoo and planted "with varieties of Grapes from all wine-produc- ing countries, under the direction of a Euro- pean expert, who is still in charge. More land is constantly being acquired in the immediate vicinity, and planted as soon as bought, but the price of suitable territory has gone up con- siderably. Phylloxera is stated to have attacked

some of the varieties, but never to a disastrous extent, most of the vines appearing to be immune. Each autumn the entire crop is taken to the wine-making establishment on the out- skirts of the town, and after production the wine is stored in large casks, constructed in sections in Austria, shipped to Chefoo, and set up in the cellars. Every barrel is plainly marked with the variety of wine it contains, together with the year of its production. The cellars, started four years ago, took two years to complete, and are built below the level of the sea. They are lined with concrete, as it was found that they were otherwise being con- stantly flooded. There is now a large supply of wine on hand, but it is stated that the first sales are not to be made until the end of 1908 or in 1909, The market is to be exclusively the Chinese coast, but the leaders of the enterprise do not say what the prices will be, but con- sidering the amount of the investment, a low price is not to be expected. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, June 12.

Alpine Gardeners.— The third Congress of -Alpine Gardeners, which should have taken place in 1908 at the Col du Lautaret, in Dauphiny, Hautes Alpes, has been postponed to a later date, owing to the death of Professor Lach- MANN, director of the Alpine Gardens of Lau- taret and Chamrousse. Societe Botanique de Trance.

A New Rubber Tree. — M. Marcel Dubard, writing in Lc Caoutchouc et la Gutta Percha, announces the discovery of a new Rubber tree which exists in large quantities in the forests of Tonkin. The tree is a species of Bleekrodia, a member of the Urticaceae, a family which fur- nishes many rubber-producing plants. The rubber from Bleekrodia is said to be of excel- lent quality and equal to the best Para.

Hot Water and Early Flowerinc. —

Prof. Hans Molisch has recently been experi- menting on the effect of hot water as a means of inducing forced plants to flower earlier than their normal period, and he has obtained some interesting and suggestive results. He finds that when the stems of Lilac, for example, are plunged for six hours in water heated to 30° to 40° C. (i.e., 86° to 104° F.) under appro- priate conditions, that the plants push their buds some 10 days earlier than those not so tieated. It seems that whilst the plants have to be experimented on during the resting sea- son, it makes a difference whether this is done early or late in the winter. Very little effect is produced if the treatment is given just after the fall of the leaf in autumn, and, again, if it is delayed until February or March, when the season for the unfolding of the buds is ap- proaching, retardation may be the result. Molisch obtained the best effects by treating the plants in December or January, and that dif- ferent temperatures are required by different species. Thus for Lilac and Forsythia, 86° F. is the best, whilst about 100° F. is the optimum for Silver Birch and Chestnut. It is very re- markable that the effect of the treatment is strictly localised. Thus if a Lilac be taken, and certain branches only of the plant be im- mersed in the hot water, it is found when the plants are forced in the spring that these branches are the first to bear leaves and flowers. Of course, it has long been known to practical gardeners that the branch of a vine trained under glass shoots much earlier than the re- mainder of the vine if this be grown outside. Possibly, the two cases are analogous, though the results obtained by Prof. Molisch are more striking. The matter is obviously worth fully investigating, as it presents an interesting prob- lem in vegetable physiology.

Cricket at East Burnham Park. — Some 50 members of the various committees of tht; Royal Horticultural Society visited East Burn- ham Park, Bucks, the residence of Mr. and Mrs. Harry Veitch, on Friday, June 26. The weather was glorious ; brakes met the bulk of the party at Slough in the morning, and upon arrival at East Burnham Park they inspected the gardens, which were gay with Roses and other flowers in abundance. After partaking of luncheon, sides of 10 each were formed for cricket, Messrs. W. Horxe and Page being the respective captains. Mr. Horxe won the toss, and elected to bat first, and his team was not dismissed until the large score of 111 runs had been made. Of these, Mr. Bilney made no fewer than 56, his best supporter being Mr. McBean, who scored 26. On the other side taking the wicket, there were many short lives, the best scores being those of Mr. C. Pearson (14), and Mr. F. Re.ider (9). Mr. Bilney caught or bowled no fewer than six of his opponents, whose total number of runs was 33. After tea, bowls were indulged in on the lawn.

SwANLEY Horticultural College. — The

Countess of Bective will present the prizes at this college on Tuesday, July 14. The Hon. Sir John Cockburn, K.C.M.G., Chairman of the Governors, will take the chair at 4 p.m.

Two Lesser-known Vegetables.— In this country we are apt to be very conservative in selecting the vegetables we consume. Although one occasionally sees the tubers of Stachys tuberifera exposed for sale, the plant is not so generally grown as it deserves. It is of the easiest possible culture, and, indeed, spreads rapidly unless it is kept in check. It succeeds well in most soil?, and with a little attention yields a crop of tubers that possess a character- istic and, to many people, a very agreeable flavour. Oxalis crenulata, a South American plant, also forms tuberous rhizomes, and is grown in France, where it succeeds best in a light rich soil. It is, however, a rather delicate subject, and is easily killed by frost. It requires protection when the tubers are first planted in March, until danger of frost is over, and as the young stems are formed they need to be earthed up at their base, leaving the ends un- covered. The tubers swell rather late in the season, and are dug up when the aerial parts have died off. A yellow and a red variety of the plant are cultivated, as well as an inferior sort with white tubers. When the tubers are first gathered they are apt to possess an acid flavour, which, however, disappears on exposing them for a few days to the sun.

A Dendrological Society has been founded in Austria, under the patronage of the .\rchduke Franz Ferdinand, to encourage the spread of knowledge concerning trees and shrubs. It is under the presidency of Count SiLVA Tarouca, and all people who are interested in dendro- logical matters, w-hether as growers or amateurs, are invited to become members. It is hoped tv the officers that there will be an important foreign membership. The subscription is 20 kr. (about 16s. 8d.) per annum, and the address of the society is Schauflergasse 6, Vienna.

Publications Received.— r/ie French Garden : A Diary and Manual of Intensive Cultivation, by C. D. McKay, F.R.H.S. Published by the Daily Mail. Price 6d. nett. — Der Friedhof und seine Kuust, von George Hamig. Published by Gebruder Borntraeger in Berlin SWll.— A'«o Gardens, painted by T. Mower Martin, and described by A. R. Hope Moncriefl. Published by Adam & Charles Black. Price 6s.— Country Sketches for City Dwellers, by Mrs. Willing- ham Rawnsley, with sixteen full-page illustrations in colour. Published by Adam and Charles Black. Price 7s. 6d. nett.

July 4, 19081

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

13

HELIGONIAS.

We extract the following instructive article 3y Mr. H, N. Ridley, M.A., F.R.S., froni the \grUultural Bulletin of the Straits and ^^ederated Malay States for April last. The lleliconias are now cultivated much more ■ommonly than formerly, but our knowledge of hem is very incomplete.

The beautiful plants known as Heliconias so ommonly cultivated in tropical gardens belong .o the large order of Scitaminece, and to the ;ection Musaceas. The genus is largely repre- ■ented in America, between thirt)' or forty kinds Deing known, but there are also several species, ind those among the most popular in cul- ivation, which are indigenous to the Polynesian slands as far west as Amboina. By some extra- jrdinary error these, or most of these Asiatic ;pecies, have been considered by Schumann (in he Pfianzenreich^ Musaeece, p. 36) as escaped orms .of the utterly dissimilar H. Bihai, L. of he West Indies. Nicholson, in the supplement o Dictionary of Gardening, boldly says that H. lureo-striata and other species well known in :ultivation are not Heliconias at all, but till nore is known of them had better be left among he plants of this genus.

Nearly all the ornamental Asiatic and Poly- iesian species in cultivation have flowered in the ■ingapore Botanic Gardens, and prove to be itterly different from H. Bihai, L. and very iistinct species. The whole genus may be said o be in a distinctly chaotic state, and the iescriptions as published in the Ffianzenreich ire too meagre for the most part for anyone to dentify the species. A few species have been 'owered in the Kew Conservatories, and are igured in the Botanical IMagazine. These are hiefly Brazilian or West Indian species. Un- ortunately, however, the whole of the literature -n these plants is not accessible to me here, and nany of the Asiatic species have been intro- luced without accurate localities being given, laving been treated apparently always as forms )f H. Bihai and simply all lumped together.

Heliconias have always been favourite plants or cultivation here, and used to form a very :onspicuous feature of our horticultural exhibi- ions, the most popular being the beautiful H. Uustris, Bull, (commonly known here as H. ubro-striata) and H. aureo-striata. The plants ire readily propagated by breaking up the :lump, and taking off shoots in the same way IS is done for Bananas. Occasionally they iiroduce ripe seed, but that is not very common, rhey are cultivated as pot plants, in good soil or n shady spots on lawns, where they often form uagnificent clumps. They do not usually grow veil if exposed to full sun. Like Bananas they ■equire a rich soil, and do not succeed in stiff lay or poor soil, becoming dwarfed and shabby ooking. They seem to be remarkably free from )ests of any kind, even that troublesome Banana lest, the butterfly Erionota thrax, the cater- jillars of which roll up and destroy the leaves )f Bananas and Palms, does not attack them.

The Asiatic Species.

In the case of most of the Heliconias from he Polynesian and Malay region, the plants laving been introduced as cultivated plants, few ir no actual localities have been recorded, so hat at present we are ignorant of their place tf origin. Mr. Baker in a paper on these plants n the Annals of Botany states that he has seen pecimens from various localities such as New .'aledonia, Solomon Islands, &c., but the unfor- unate error which attributed all these distinct pecies to cultivated forms of the Brazilian II. iihai has prevented his localising or identifying he species he had at hand.

The following is a list of what I presume to « Asiatic species, but they can only be properly rorked up and systematised in Europe where here are localised specimens, original drawings, nd the literature of the species in different auseums : — •

Asiatic Species.

Heliconia indica. Lam. Loc. ... uncertain H. buccinata, Roxb Amboina

Heliconiopsis Amboinensis, Miq. H. austro-caledonica, Vicill. ... New Caledonia

H. aureo-striata. Bull uncertain

H. illustris, Bull. uncertain

H. rubro-striata, Hort. H. triumphans, Lind. ... ... Sumatra

H. spectabilis, Lind South Seas

H. Micholitzii, Ridl New Ireland

H. viridis, Nicholson Polynesia

Possibly also H. striata, Veitch.

H. buccinata, Roxb., is described as an im- mense beautiful bush, leaves 2 to 4 feet long and I -foot broad, petiole 3 to 6 feet long, in- florescence compound of 6 to 10 branches with

6 to 10 smooth bracts, flowers pale yellow, Amboina.

This plant was cultivated in the Calcutta Gardens in 1798, and is identified by Roxburgh with a plant described and figured by Rumph Tlcri. A?nboin V., 141, t. 62, fig. 2, under the name of Folium buccinatum asperum. Rumph describes three species in Amboina under the names of latifolium or rubrum, album and asperum he gives as an Amboinese name Rind. Ruin and Riin ; latifolium being Rind Mera ; album Rind Puteh ; and asperum. Rind Laki. Of the red one he says the leaves and leafstalks become red when grown in the shade. This may be one of the red-leaved ones we cultivate, but the description is too incomplete.

H. AUREO-STRIATA, Bull. — A tufted plant, about 5 feet tall. Leaves elliptic acute, base oblique not decurrent, 2 feet to 2-i feet long by 8 to 10 inches wide, nerves 3-10 inch apart, when young green streaked transversely with yellow, adults plain light green dull, petiole 1^ to 2 feet long green. Inflorescence of three or four bracts on a short peduncle, all glabrous. Bracts long acuminate rather narrow the lowest one,

7 inches long including the rather narrow leaf- like portion, upper ones 6 inches, green. Flowers fairly numerous. Bracteole lanceolate acuminate pale green 3 inches long. Ovary narrowed into pedicel in flower 1 inch long with pedicel, orange. Perianth 1^ inch long curved orange at base passing into white sepals lanceolate acuminate acute. Stamens Icng. Anthers linear acuminate. Staminode ovate. Fruit -^ inch long, obconic 3 angled, orange. Native country not known.

H. illustris. Bull. (H. rubro-striata, Hort.). — A large tufted plant, with stems flattened 4 feet tall, 3 inches wide green, petiole 2 feet long and 1 inch thick, reddish to pink or plain green, blade 5 feet long 8 inches across oblong, narrowed at the base so as to be shortly de- current on the petiole above dark green above with a coppery lustre beneath, midrib chan- nelled on the upper surface pink, edge of blade red, nerves conspicuous J an inch apart elevated on the upper surface ; young leaves elliptic rather abruptly rounded and only shortly decur- rent, dark green with numerous and close rose- pink or often white streaks above midrib green almost disappearing before the tip, back of leaf bright rose-pink with green streaks. Inflores- cence about 8 or 9 inches long, rachis green finely pubescent. Boat-shaped bracts 4 to 5, the lowest tipped with an ovate acute blad2 resem- bling the leaf in colour, the others with or without a small blade, green pubescent tipped red 7-6 inches long. Flowers numerous in each bract. Bracteole lanceolate acuminate acute 3 inches long. Flowers shortly pedicelled, pedicel thick white glabrous } of an inch long, ovary as long flattened on the inner side yellowish, red in the upper part. Sepal greenish to creamy yellow base and apex red, lanceolate acuminate acute 2 inches long. Petals narrower and shorter similarly coloured. Stamens white connate at the base. Staminode J an inch long lanceolate rather broad channelled. Fruit red i inch long.

H. SPECTABILIS, Lind. 111. Hort., 1892,' PI. 156. — Whole plant about 12 feet tall. Leaves linear oblong acute, narrowed to base, margins undulate, nerves about I to 1^ inch apart con- spicuous midrib thick coppery-red, beneath, deep purple above, occasionally turning green 4 feet 10 inches long 11 inches wide, petiole sheathing for nearly all its length long green or yellowish mottled and dotted with greyish-green. Inflorescence 8 inches long, rachis flexuous velvety pubescent. Bracts 6 lanceolate acumi- nate pubescent ribbed when dry, olivaceous passing into red 6 inches long 1 inch deep, dis- tant from each other 1 inch. Flowers numerous, pedicels J inch long glabrous. Perianth H inch' long curved acuminate greenish and red. Sepals J- inch wide. Filament of stamen rather stout, another linear, staminode oblong truncate J long. Introduced in 1891 by Linden from "Asia."

H. Micholitzii, n. sp.— A very large' plant forming large tufts, stems- 2 feet or more tall 3 inches across, pale green marbled with grev. Leaves plain green, blade about 3 feet long, 11 inches across. Inflorescence 12 inches long, pe- duncle hairy about 6 inches long. Bracts 4 or o green edged with pink glabrous 6 inches long 1 inch wide lanceolate acuminate. Rachis yellow dotted with green J inch through. Flowers 14 or more in each bract. Bracteoles long acuminate white. Pedicels long. Sepals and petals lanceo- late acute fuscous brown ; base of sepal pubes- cent, above glabrous. Stamens slender, anthers linear. Staminode ovate apiculate fuscouc. Fruit pear-shaped bluntly 3 angled, apex trun- cate, orange J inch long, pedicel I inch long flattened.

New Ireland. — Introduced by Micholitz (Dis- trib. number H. B. S. 7,274). I thought at first this might be H. buccinata, Roxb., of Aboina, but that has much longer branched inflorescences, a hairy rachis, and if Rumph's description of his Folium buccinatum asperum is the same thing as Roxburgh states, it has the stems wrinkled and rough like a shark's skin; none of which characters the New Ireland plant possesses.

American Species in Cultivation Here.

H. Bihai, L. — Is commonly cultivated here, and is very conspicuous from its large smooth scarlet bracts and greenish-white flowers. The typical plant is said to be about 18 feet tall, and H. humilis, Jacq., much smaller. There does not seem to be any other difference between the two species, and Mr. Baker suggests that H. humilis is only a variety of H. Bihai. The plant grown commonly in Singapore is about 6 feet tall, and would, therefore, belong to the variety humilis. ,

H. aurantiaca, Ghiesb. (H. brevispatha. Hook.). — A dwarf species with rather narrow green leaves and orange-coloured flowers, has long been in cultivation here but seldom flowers. It is 4 native of Mexico.

H. metallica, Planch,, Bot. Mag., 5,315. — A species of Heliconia which has very long been in cultivation here is, I suppose, this plant. The leaves are dark shining green and purple beneath when young, leaves of older plants losing this purple tint. The flowers are borne on a long slender peduncle about 6 feet from the ground, and the rachis is zigzag, the bracts are narrow and pale green, the flowers scarlet- crimson with green tips. In the figure given of the plant in the Botanical Magazine the rachis is given quite straight and erect and the bracts dark green, otherwise the plant is quite similar. H. metallica was introduced from Sierra Nevada, Santha Martha, by PLanchon and Linden in 1856.

There are a good many more species -A Heli- conias in South America which would be welcome additions to our gardens here, if they were procurable. //. A'. Ridley.

14

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 4, 1908.

FRUIT REG 8 ST ER.

STRAWBERRY LAXTON'S FILLBASKET. This variety has been grown sufficiently long to test its cropping and other good qualities, but I would direct especial at- tention to its splendid flavour — an important point with all fruits, and especially with Straw- berries. FiUbasket is well named, as it is an excellent cropper. The habit of growth is robust and compact, so that this variety rarely fails even in soils that are by no means the best. It has other good qualities that should not be overlooked, one is its freedom from mil- dew— at least, such is my experience in the

Sovereign. I recently saw some forced fruits of Fillbasket at Gunnersbury House, Acton, where it is regarded highly as a forcing variety, and as possessing splendid flavour. With regard to size, the fruits, when well grown, are large, and although not soft are very juicy. The fruit is glossy and of a bright scarlet colour. It travels well, and is, therefore, useful in cases where fruits have to be sent by rail. The plants do not need a great space between them, but I would a4vise planting theni in deeply-dug soil. Runners planted early will furnish good fruits next season, and they will continue to furnish heavy crops of fruit for two or three years. G. Wythes.

NOTES FROM A "FRENCH" GARDEN.

We have finished planting the last of the Melons, and for a few days to come our principal work will consist of watering, cleansing and ex- amining the plants under the lights and m the open garden.

The Cauliflowers intended to succeed the batch planted amongst the Carrots, which are now marketed, will require an abundant supply of water, for the curd is now in some cases already of a moderate size.

Young plants of Celery, Endive and Cauli- flower, which are to be planted out in a few days, require attention, especially in the matter

{Fhotof^raph by F. Mascn Jooa.

Fig. 7. — ROSE "the c^rland": flowers white, fawn-coloured in the bud.

northern part of the country as well as in Mid- dlesex. A Strawberry that is almost immune from mildew in a low-lying district is a gain, and, doubtless, in this respect it is greatly aided by the robust leathery leaves. The plant itself has a compact growth, throwing up a great number of flower-spikes. Its period of ripening may be classed as late mid-season. It is valu- able as a successional variety, to follow the well-known Royal Sovereign, which was one of the parents of Fillbasket, Laxton's Latest of All being the other parent. Latest of All has a good deal of British Queen in its composi- tion, and is noted for its splendid flavour, so that Fillbasket doubtless gets its Queen- like flavour from Latest of All. Fill- basket grown in pots crops equal to Ro3'al

ROSE "THE GARLAND."

This beautiful old-fashioned climbing Rose is generally regarded as a hybrid between R. multiflora and R. moschata — the musk Rose. The flowers are produced in immense clusters, and rare of a fawn-coloured shade in the bud state, but the older flowers lose this tint and are almost white. The growth is very vigorous, and a plant quickly furnishes a wall or pillar, the flowers hanging in profusion from the long arching shoots. The climbing Roses have lately become so popular in gardens, that it is difficult to believe them to have been so long neglected. It must be remembered that some of the older kinds such as Wallflower, The Garland, Sec, are quite as beautiful as the newer kinds, and ^re much cheaper to purchase.

of watering. We prefer to have the plants of a medium size when transplanting, rather than larger, as at this season large plants wither much when they are disturbed.

The Melons will now require much water and an abundance of ventilation. If the weather remains favourable we shall allow the ventila- tors to remain open at night-time. The growth of these plants is splendid, the leaves being thick, large, and of a beautiful green colour. The stems are strong in proportion, and the fruits promise well, so that we expect to have a splen- did crop. In the case of the plants planted at the end of March, we have allowed a second fruit to develop on each plant in cases where this was possible, and the first fruit on this batch is now at its full size. We cut our first Melon on June 22. Pruning has been rigorously practised, most.

JiLV 4, 1908.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

15

of the small shoots have been cut back, but w-e haye not r^mov^d very many ^t one time, for this would unduly weaken the plant.

The Cucumbers planted at the end of April are now in bearing : the ventilators remain open at night-time.

The early batch of Endive has been harvested. The crop has proved fairly good, although some few plants seeded owing to the unsuitability of the ground and a shortage of water. To grow Endive successfully at thiS' season of the year the ground must be well prepared, heavily manured, and frequently watered. We have sown Endive *' La Ruffee " and Batavian Green Endive on old manure beds ; this will be our last batch of Endive this season. The plants will be after- wards transplanted to an open part of the garden.

Now that all our spring crops have been cleared, we can estimate the results on the whole to have been very satisfactory. The plants have done well, although we have not had the amount of manure we required. The prices obtained for the produce have been well above our expectation. Indeed, the Cos Let- tuces and the Passion Lettuces realised double the prices they did in the Paris market this year, but, curiously, the little "Black Gott " was 25 per cent, cheaper. P. Aquatias, Mayland, Essex. June 2S.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editor does not hold himselj responsible for the opinions expressed by his correspondents.)

American Gooseberry-mildew. — As an

appendix to the Board of Agriculture's instruc- tions regarding the treatment of Gooseberry bushes infected with mildew, it may be pointed out that it is the easiest matter possible to destroy single bushes. And in this way; Satu- rate one or more newspapers in paraffin oil and dispose them in good-sized pieces about the bush to be destroyed, ignite one piece and in a few minutes the bush will be so far consumed that its own life, and that of any parasite at- tached to it, will be extingijished. A less rapid method would consist in severing the stem just above the ground, but I know from trial that the firing with paraffin is absolutely effective. B.

Effects of Low Temperature in S.E.

Scotland.— Sir Herbert Maxwell, having lately published in these pages a note on the effects of the April frost on the south-west coast of Scotland, it may be of interest to put on record the results of the same low temperature on the south-east of Scotland. The elevation is 100 feet above the sea level. The sea is distant about three miles east as the crow flies. The temperature, as registered at the meteorological station kept here, was: —

.. Ground Protected thermometer

thermometer. 4 feet from ground.

April 23 14° (18° of frost) 27° ( 5° of frost)

April 24 22° (10° of frost) 26° ( 6° of frost)

April 25 12° (20° of frost) 19° (13° of frost)

The following are some of the many plants grown here, not an exhaustive list, but sufficient to show the general effects of the low tempera- ture : — Injured. — Euonymus, various (shoots killed back), Aucubas, various (badly damaged), Hypericum patulum and others (slightly biowned), Cneorum tricoccum (some branches killed), Pittosporum Mayi (shed most of its leaves), .\bies Morinda (tips browned), Liquid- ambar styraciflua, Griselinia litoralis, Escal- lonia macrantha (some), Cotoneaster angusti- folia (young plants), Aralia Sieboldii (killed), Gunnera scabra. Camellias (leaves browned and mostly shed), Aciphylla Lyallii and A. squar- rosa (slightly injured), A. Munroi (badly in- jured), Rhododendrons (leaves of a few touched), Buddleia variabilis, B. Veitchii, B. Colvilei (wall), B. Hemsleyana, various (in open tips killed, on walls untouched), Jasminum primu- linum (tips killed, wall), Stauntonia hexaphylla (b.-idly cut, wall), Solanum jasminoides (wall), Photinia japonica (waU), Laurus Benzoin (shoots cut back) Enkianthus japonicus. Bamboos (where exposed, browned), Cercidophyllum japonicum

(all young shoots killed), Nuttallia cerasiformis (ditto), Veronicas (the thick-leaved, New Zea- land species). In cases where no details are given the damage was slight. Uninjured (on walls). — Rosa laevigata, R. Banksiae, R. bracte- ata, Abelia rupestris, Carpenteria californica, Jasminum grandiflorum, Ceanothus Gloire de Versailles, C. dentatus, C. divaricatus, Clian- thus puniceus, SoLanum jasminoides, S. cris- pum, Schizophragma hydrangeoides, Escallonia Langleyensis, Coronilla Kmerus, Halimoden- drons. In the open. — Coronilla Emerus, Azara microphylla, Olearias various, Eremuri, Gerbera Jamesonii. Among herbaceous and rock plants practically no damage was done, the drier cli- mate here probably saved many plants that suf- fered on the west coast. .Archibald Buchan-Hep- burn.

New Melons and the R.H.S. — Recent notes on this subject having appeared in your pages, and seeing that the fruit-showing season is at hand, I think your readers, who may be pro- spective exhibitors, should understand the re- quirements of the council of the R.H.S. Last year, at the fortnightly meeting immediately preceding the great fruit show, I decided to place two Melons, one a scarlet-fleshed and the other a white-fleshed variety, before the Fruit Commit- tee for an award. I think I am right in saying that an "A.M." was awarded in each case, and in one case it was practically unanimous. I went to the meeting during the afternoon, and, with a not unnatural desire to see how the fruits had fared, I tried to find them or their remains. AH I could find, however, was one empty plate with the usual card with exhibitor's name, &c., and on another plate a very small portion of the scarlet-fleshed fruit and a very few seeds, also the exhibitor's card. 1 waited until quite late in the afternoon, but found that no visible notice of the committee's recommendation ap- peared, so that any visitor curious to know would go away with the idea that the exhibits had been unworthy of any notice. Next morning I received from the secretary a letter as tielow :

" Dear Sir, — At the sitting of the Fruit Com- mittee to-day an Award of Merit was proposed for a Melon sent by vou, and the committee recommend the council to award it. The coun- cil wish me to explain to you that they cannot act on the recommendation of the committee, as they had already resolved that awards should only be given to Melons after they had been tried at Wisley. They hope, however, that you will send seed to Wisley, and that the resulting fruits may be found such as to enable them to give you the award next year. — Faithfully yours, " W. WiLKS."

By Order of the Council. X am still in doubt as to which of the Melons I was desired to send seed of to Wisley, for, as will be seen by the above letter, no informa. tion was given to guide me. One is bound to ask why the Society calls together in committee the best experts it can find, and then ignores the recommendations. Again, if the council made such a resolution, it should have been published in the " Arrangements for the Year," or it should not be brought into force until another year had commenced. This would have been an act of grace that might have taken away the sting of the action, though, I think, with others, that such a resolution is unwise, on the face of it, if committees are necessary. I see that this year. Melons are included in the subjects that it will be necessary to send to Wisley for trial after having been submitted to committee at Vincent Square, but the rule is rendered indefinite by the addition of the words "and similar subjects." Last year the council apparently thought that Melons could be classed with Cucumbers. Be- fore writing this protest, 1 had hoped to see the report in the society's Journal of the trans- actions at the meeting of which I write, but probably this would ha\e been too late to be of service this year, as I see that the most recent issue of the journal only brings us down to June, 1907, and I shall, evidently, have to wait an- other season before I learn officially which, of the two Melons submitted, the council wished me to send seeds of to Wisley. /. C. Tallack, F. R.H.S.

Prospects of the Rose Season.— The weather which our Roses experienced in Apiil, when they were beginning to grow, was not by any means favourab'e to their successful develop-

ment. On one memorable evening we had in south-western Scotland , 20° of frost. While in my own garden the older and stronger varieties withstood this adverse exper.ence nobly, and in many instances seem little the worse, Roses of recent origin and of some- what more delicate nature, have, with a few notable exceptions, achieved almost no- thing in the flowering direction. At the present moment the most promising among the newer varieties are Isabelle Milner and Mrs. Dudley Cross ; W. E. Lippiat, a native of New- townards ; Hiawatha, a " gem of purest ray serene," and the finely-foliaged and splen- didly-flowered Lady Gay. Of the older varieties, those on which I chiefly rely this season are Captain Hayward, a beau- tiful and fragrant Rose